Effects of Corporate Social Responsibility on Organizational Performance: A Conceptual and Literature Review

Sustainable development is considered as or can be one of the ways in achievement, progress, and benefit for organizations. Organizations use and utilize this source to require a system on which they can rely upon and keeping in mind the end goal to recognize openings and associated risks and to make, realize, control, and upgrade the sustainable goals of corporations which to be both progressively viable (for themselves and the overall population) and increasingly productive in terms of monetary. Based on the content analysis and literature review, this paper review and proposed the conceptual framework on the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and its effect on Organizational Performance of Pakistan’s retail banks. It is conceptual type of research which possesses four hypotheses, first Independent Variable is CSR and Four Dependent Variables such as, Organizational Performance (OP), Financial Performance (FP), Employee Commitment (OC) and Organizational Reputation (OR) and these are not proven in this research. This paper suggests that by initiating the practices of corporate social responsibility can improve the performance of the organization and also increase its financial position, commitment level of the employees and improve the overall reputation or the company. Different literature suggests that this research could be done with primary as well as secondary sources sometimes the researchers have used mixed form of methodologies, this study is based on secondary data using internet which is one of the powerful tools to generate the data. Researchers conclude and give some suggestions for the future research work with the discussion on previous literature review.

Spatial Planning of Passive Optical Telecommunciation Network in Karach Through Gis Techniques

Telecommunication companies around the globe offering boundless features through wireline and wireless networks to consumers but legacy of telecommunication network is not fully capable to offer uninterrupted services and when dealing with bandwidth hungry applications. Under the influence of number of factors including; conventional network planning methods, lack of geospatial knowledge and legacy decision making approaches, telecom sector faces a host of problems those need an emergent resolution. A very tough competition, technological development and consumer churn have forced telecom operators to maximum utilization of installed networks. Telecom service providers now adopting systematical methodologies and strategic planning approaches to enhance service capabilities, expand network coverage, install modernized telecom networks and upgrade legacy networks to provide uninterrupted multi featured services efficiently. Telecom networks are usually at vast geographic area and spatial extant of networks need to deal with most suitable geo-spatial techniques. Geographic Information System (GIS) is widely used in telecom industry to deal the requirement of telecom networks sophisticatedly. Today welldeveloped GIS data models and tools support overall telecom operations especially outside plant management, network planning, decision making and network modeling up to port level. These network models also support in several business and operational capacities, right from network engineering designs, customer contact to many other operational and functional areas. This study reviewed utilization of various GIS techniques and methodologies in telecom network management, analysis, operations with integrated operational support and business support system for spatial network planning and optimal Gigabit Passive Optical Network engineering solution for Misri Shah telephone exchange of PTCL located in DHA phase-VI, Karachi. It is taken as a representative model in a mega city of 22 million populations. A valuable telecom network data from PTCL planning and development department, complain management system (CMS) data from operations, financial data from billing and customer care (B&CC), base map, and geographic data of consumer integrated with geodatabase model, to explore network status, identify network gapes, perform spatial analysis, display consumer profiling, highlight lucrative areas, determine customer demand, identify potential business areas, and spatial representation of Outside plant using geo-informatics techniques significantly.