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Ever since man has stepped on earth and tried to implement a collective social life pattern, then onwards the idea of the establishment of state has come into existence. History has witnessed diverse governance patterns as per indigenous values and ideologies. At the time of advent of Islam, there was monarchy and kingship that prevailed beyond the deserts of Arabia that sustained on royal descendants, whereas, in Arabia rulers would be selected upon their competence and acumen for ruler ship. When Islam came, religious angle was included too however, the various modes of interpretation became a bone of contention later on. In this research article, a review of oriental and occidental thought patterns have been reviewed. Similarly it has been tried to assess how diverse and divergent these two points of view remained.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of financial leverage on financial performance of cement sector in Pakistan. By selecting the appropriate panel econometric technique among ordinary least squares (OLS), fixed effects and random effects, the association between financial leverage and financial performance of all cement companies listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange during 2008-2012 has been analyzed. The number of cement companies listed on KSE is 19. The empirical results depict that financial leverage has positive and statistically significant association with both proxies of financial performance which are return on assets (ROA) and Tobin?s Q. It is evident from these results that cement companies of Pakistan can reap the benefits of leverage if they create an appropriate mix of equity and debt in their capital structure. Among the control variables, firm size is positively and significantly associated with return on assets and negatively and insignificantly related with Tobin?s Q. Asset tangibility and return on equity have negative and insignificant association while it has inverse and significant relationship with Tobin?s Q. The liquidity is found to have positive and significant association with both financial performance measures (i.e. return on assets and Tobin?s Q) of the cement companies which show that efficient working capital management leads to better firm performance. The findings of this study have practical implications for corporate financial planners of cement sector to include an appropriate proportion of debt in their capital structure. Moreover, this study is also helpful for the financial policy makers of government to establish a strong bond market in Pakistan to facilitate the corporate sector for raising loans to reap the benefits of financial leverage.