The Role of Ubuntu Ethics in Promoting Citizenship Values: An Investigation into the Foundations of Social Harmony

In the post-industrial revolution world, social change is often studied and understood in the context of change in means of production, mobility, urbanization and change in the constitution of workforce. Role of ethical values is generally confined to personal conduct and manners. Industrial society is supposed to have its own work ethics which may or may not agree with personal ethics and morality. Ethics and morality are generally considered, in the Western thought, as a social construct. Therefore, with the change in means of production or political system, values and morality are also expected to be re-adjusted in order to cope with the changed environment. Sometimes a totally new set of values emerges as a consequence of the change in economic, political, or legal set up. The present research tries to understand the meaning and place of these values in a global socio-cultural framework. Relying essentially on the divine principles of the Qur'ān it makes an effort to understand relevance of these universal and ultimate principles with human conduct and behavior in society.  It indicates that essentially it is the core values, principles, or norms which guide human beings in their interpersonal, social, economic and political matters. Islam being a major civilizing force, culture, and the way of life, provides values which guide both in individual and social matters. The values given by the Qur’ān and the Sunnah are not monopoly of the Muslim. These values are universal and are relevant in a technological society.

A Critique of Economic Policies and Performance under Alternative Political Setup: A Case Study of Pakistan

The objective of this study is to investigate the macroeconomic performance indicators and sectors in various regimes. The existing work contrasts from the previous research as in it investigates not just the growth distribution of agricultural sector, industrial sector, services sector and Gross Domestic Product pattern in various political administrations, additionally estimates these development and growth rates in Pakistan. The main contribution of this study is to empirically estimate the impact of different political regimes on the macroeconomic performance indicators and sectors for the year 1950 to 2010 employing Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag, Johansen CoIntegration and Error Correction Model techniques. After examining macroeconomic performance Pakistan, under alternative political setup that is dictatorship and democracy, it is concluded that the type of associations between an alternative political setup that is dictatorship and democracy and economic development and growth resists the finding established that both political setups promote the economic growth and development of Pakistan. Under interesting conditions of Pakistan, the connection between economic development and growth and the democratic system is ambiguous and inexplicit. Pakistan’s economic growth and development have been better with tyrannical political administrations than democracy and the causative association amongst democratic system and economic aspects, as laid out by Huntington, can''t be shown on account of Pakistan. The economic development and growth are prominent in the entire periods of despotism with a high rate of growth of per capita GDP. As well as the divisions that contribute to the Gross Domestic Product likewise develop with high rate is a dictatorship. Keeping all these proofs and evidence in mind, it cannot be forecasted that democracy or dictatorship is beneficial for Pakistan. It is generally perceived that the long span of the political regime and international shock can contribute better economic growth. It is concluded that politics does matter, however, "regimes" don''t catch the suitable differences. Politics matter rather than the type of government system. Therefore high economic growth in Pakistan can achieve through implementing the stable and consistent political regime.