External and Internal Factors of Political-Religious Violence and Pakistan’s Role: Unravel Threats for the Security of Modern Islamic State

Political scientists and Islamic philosophers have long been discussing the different phenomena of violence. This article analyzes external and internal factor of violence in Pakistan, interpreting the religious and political dimension of the violence. The presence of external and more specifically internal factors are the real threats for the security of the country. Building from theoretical approaches, I fielded two dimensions of the political-religious violence, violence inside the country and outside the country. It is found out, on the one hand, that the both dimensions can be met with the profound enforcement of the law. On the other hand, both dimensions of the violence can be the big contributory factors of violence due to the poor promulgation of the law. Unjust political-religious dispensation inside the country rise the frustration, and outside support make it fertile and leads it towards violence. It is proposed that on equity bases, political-religious deprivation and absolute deprivation of the minority elite class can be disposed of. I also come up with balanced educational system, which should be the blend of traditionalism and modernism for the fulfilment of our spiritual dimension and for the greater understanding of our political-religious outlook.

Contribution of Unschooled Parents in the Education of Their Children

The involvement of parents in the education of their children is getting the attention of researchers and policy makers. Parents are considered to be the first teachers of their children and have ample knowledge of their children's strength and weakness. They can make a difference in their children's lives. Many studies have been done on parental involvement in the education of their children, yet very few studies have been conducted on how unschooled parents contribute towards the education of their children. This study, based on qualitative case study research, explores the ways unschooled parents, particularly from low socioeconomic backgrounds contribute to the education of their children; the impact of their support on their children learning outcomes; and the challenges they face in supporting their education. The study was conducted in a secondary school in Karachi, Pakistan. The sample comprised five parents, their children in class two to eight, concerned class teachers and the head teacher of the school. The data were collected through interviews, observations, and document analysis. The analysis of the qualitative data revealed that unschooled parents support their children in several ways. They provide financial, emotional, and moral support. They also monitor their children's activities. The Parents have high aspirations for their children, they wish a better future for their children. For this they sacrifice their own desires for their children's education. They work hard to fulfill their children's educational needs. Contrary to general expectations, their support encourages their children to perform well in school. They are position holders in their classes. With their parents' support and interest, these children also seem to be motivated to work harder, which in turn leads to positive outcomes. The Parents face many challenges in supporting their children, like financial problems, them not being educated themselves, and the school demands. This study challenges the general perception and belief that only educated and well off parents are able to contribute to the education of their children. This study has implications for public and private sector schools in Pakistan, where majority of parents are unschooled and underprivileged. Unschooled parents are often quite committed to their children's education and work very hard to support them. If schools are able to capitalize this bank of parental goodwill and enthusiasm, they, together with parents, can provide quality education to the children. The School leaders and policy makers can bring parental voices in the school in formulation of