توہین مذہب و رسالت اور سماجی رویے: اسلامی تناظر میں

Extremism is a challenge facing the societies both on secular and religious level, which has damaged the society with disrupting peace and creating caos in the world. There is a dire need of an academic discussion regarding the various aspects of the issue in Islamic and social perspectives. This is an attempt to realize the sensitivity of the subject and providing a balanced approached in the light of Islamic teachings. This article draws attention of the concerned authorities to play their role for the stoppage of blasphemous activities by implementation of the existing law and its development by determining the punishment against false accusation. The article also explains that what Islam expects from the Muslims and guides them in expressing their feelings and showing their attitudes, behavior and fixing their responsibilities regarding the issue with true Islamic spirit. The article draws the attention of the non-Muslim countries and communities as well to display impartiality, truth and realistic attitude and appropriate legislation by considering the blasphemous activities as a heinous crime.

Effects of Intravenous Diclofenac on Postoperative Sore Throat in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Surgery at Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi: A Randomized, Double Blind Controlled Trial

Background: postoperative sore throat (POST) is the commonest complication after endotracheal intubation. The efficacy of intravenous non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in alleviating postoperative sore throat has not been investigated. Objective: to evaluate the effect intravenous diclofenac sodium on the occurrence and severity of POST. Design: a randomised, double-blinded, controlled clinical trial. Setting: the operating theatres of the Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. Population: endotracheally intubated adult inpatients undergoing general anaesthesia for either general surgical or gynaecological laparoscopic surgery. Methods: forty two adult inpatients scheduled for laparoscopic surgery were randomized into two equal groups. The intervention group (referred to as the diclofenac group) received a single intravenous dose of 75mg diclofenac sodium in addition to standard care given at our hospital for the prevention of POST. The control group (referred to as the standard care group) received standard care only. All patients were interviewed postoperatively at two, six and eighteen hours. Data of the baseline characteristics, the occurrence and severity of sore throat were collected. If sore throat was present, a numerical rating scale (NRS) score was used to assess its severity. Results: the baseline characteristics of the participants were similar. The occurrence of POST at two hours postoperatively was less in the intervention group than in the standard care group, 15% and 30% respectively. However this difference did not reach statistical significance (p 0.26). There was no difference in the severity of postoperative sore throat between the intervention and standard care groups at two, six and eighteen hours postoperatively (p 0.360, 0.678 and 0.862 respectively) Conclusion: intravenous diclofenac sodium added to the standard care does not affect the occurrence or severity of postoperative sore throat.