تطوّر العقيدة الإلحادية فى المجتمعات الإسلامية والغير الإسلامية وإنعكاساتها فى الجوانب المختلفة للحياة الإنسانية (دراسة تحليلية من المنظور الإسلامي)

The science of Islamic belief had been considered most valuable discipline among other disciplines of knowledge as it played an important, rather pivotal role in the practical life. Qualitative research technique was used for the collection, analysis, and demonstration of data. The research had addressed the four major dimensions of the topic which particularly include Meanings of Atheism and its essential elements, Development of Atheism in Islamic and Un-Islamic societies and response of Muslim scholars, Reflections of Atheism in various aspects of human life, and Analysis of Atheism in Islamic Perspective. The systematic review of literature disclosed that Atheism in Islamic perspective included the denial of God, Prophet Hood and hereafter or any of these elements. Atheism had equally affected the Muslim and Non-Muslim societies by blowing the materialism into social, economic and political system. In this connection, Muslim scholars were divided into four types in terms of their response to Atheism which was discussed in detail in paper. Moreover, Atheism had also affected the individual as well as collective life. The author had critically analyzed the Atheism in Islamic perspective and presented the conclusion and recommendations at the end.

Molecular Characterization and Evaluation of Biosorptive Potential of Heavy Metal Tolerant Bacteria from Textile Effluents of Faisalabad

Heavy metal contamination now a day is one of the major global environmental concern and the main sources of heavy metal contamination are either natural or anthropogenic. Industrial wastewater is commonly used for irrigation in most of the developing third world countries. As the number of industries is being increased day by day in the modern world, with this the concentration of heavy metals is also being increased. Several studies have been conducted to elaborate the effects of these heavy metals on living organisms including animals, plants and human. This study aims to isolate, identify some indigenous heavy metal tolerant (HMT) bacteria from textile effluents and to evaluate their biosorptive potential. Three indigenous isolates were screened out showing maximum tolerable concentration (MTC) and multi metal resistance (MMR) to Ni and Co at different levels and were given name as AMIC1, AMIC2 and AMIC3. Molecular characterization confirmed that AMIC1 was (K. variicola, accession number LT838344) while AMIC2 and AMIC3 were (B. cerus accession numbers LT838345 and LT838346 respectively). Biosorptive potential was accessed using Inductively Coupled Plasma- Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) and it was found that AMIC1 reduced (49%, 50%) of Ni after 24 and 48 hours respectively and (68.6%, 71%) of Co after 24 and 48 hours respectively. Similarly AMIC2 reduced (48.4%, 49%) of Ni after 24 and 48 hours respectively and (70.6%, 73.6%) of Co after 24 and 48 hours respectively. AMIC3 reduced (51.8%, 50.6%) of Ni after 24 and 48 hours respectively and (73.2%, 71.8%) of Co after 24 and 48 hours respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to analyze the functional groups and overall nature of chemical bonds in bacterial strains while Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) was performed to detect outer morphological changes in the bacteria in response to metal stress. So it can be concluded that all three bacteria possessed significant bioremediation potential which could be utilized for the development of bioremediation agents to detoxify textile effluents at industrial surroundings in the natural environments in Pakistan.