مولانا ظفر علی خان کی ادبی خدمات
مولانا ظفر علی خان (۱۹۵۶۔۱۸۷۳ء) سیالکوٹ کے ایک چھوٹے سے دیہات کوٹ مہرتھ میں پیدا ہوئے (1) آپ کے والد کا نام مولوی سراج الدین تھا۔ ابتدائی تعلیم مشن اسکول وزیر آباد سے حاصل کی۔ علی گڑھ کالج سے بی۔اے کیا۔(2)
علامہ شبلی نعمانی اور پروفیسر آرنلڈ آپ کے بہترین اساتذہ میں سرِفہرست تھے۔(3) مولانا ظفر علی خان کو حیدر آباد میں داغ دہلوی کی صحبت بھی میسر آئی لیکن علامہ شبلی کی نصیحت پر داغ کا رنگ اختیار نہ کیا۔(4)شاعری کے ساتھ ساتھ آپ نے صحافت میں بھی بڑا نام پیدا کیا۔ آپ نے ‘‘زمیندار’’ اور ‘‘ستارہ صبح’’ کے علاوہ بہت زیادہ اخبارات و رسائل نکالے جن کی شہرت سارے برصغیر میں پھیلی۔
ظفر علی خان کا پہلا شعری مجموعہ ‘‘بہار ستان’’ کے نام سے شائع ہوا۔ اس مجموعہ میں ان کی شاعری کا ابتدائی اردو اور فارسی کلام شامل ہے۔ یہ مجموعہ حمد باری’ نعت و استغاثہ’ اسلام’ اسلامی روایات’ ستارہ صبح کے دور کی نظمیں’ نوحے اور مرثیے جیسی ترتیب سے مرتب کیا گیا ہے۔
دوسرے شعری مجموعے کا نام ‘‘نگار ستاں’’ ہے۔ اس مجموعہ کلام میں سیاسی و فلسفیانہ شاعری’ طنزیہ نگاری اور صحافتی شاعری کے ساتھ ساتھ ادبی مرصع کاری کے شاہکار نظر آتے ہیں۔ اس میں بہت سے معاصرین کے تذکرے اور قلمی خاکے موجود ہیں۔ ‘‘چمنستان’’ آپ کا تیسرا شعری مجموعہ ہے اس مجموعے میں رطب و یا بس شامل نہیں ہے بلکہ یہ مجموعہ ان کے منتخب کلام پر مشتمل ہے۔ اس مجموعے میں ان کی وہ بہترین نظمیں اور قطعات ہیں جن کی سیاسی’ اسلامی اور معاشرتی لحاظ سے بڑی اہمیت ہے۔
ظفر علی خان کا چوتھا شعری مجموعہ ‘‘خیالستان’’ کے نام سے شائع ہوا۔ اس مجموعے میں سیاسی نظمیں بالکل نہیں ہیں البتہ چھ غزلیں سیاسی وادبی رنگ لئے ہوئے...
Background: Nephrotoxicity of ibuprofen is a growing international public health problem in the wake of excessive use of the drug for the treatment of a broad spectrum of diseases in both adults and pediatric patients. Objectives: To present an overview of the protective effect of the green tea on ibuprofen-induced changes in the biochemical markers of the adult rat kidneys. Methods: It is an experimental study conducted in the department of Anatomy, Army Medical College Rawalpindi. The investigation was led on 30 male and non-pregnant female Sprague Dawley rodents of 9-11 weeks old enough and going in weight from 200-330 gm. The animals were divided into three groups consisting of 10 animals each; group A served as control, each animal in group B was given ibuprofen at a dose of 120 mg/kg/day and each animal in group C was given both green tea at a dose of 1ml/100g/day and Ibuprofen 120mg/kg body weight for a period of 9 weeks. Ibuprofen manufactured by Abbot Laboratories (Pvt.) Limited was utilized. Green tea was obtained from local market. Data was collected at the end of experimental period and was analyzed using SPSS version 22. One Way ANOVA was exerted, afterwards by post-hoc Tukey test to find out intergroup differences for quantitative variables. The results were depicted as mean ± standard deviation (mean ± SD). A p value < 0.05 was believed significant. Results: Green tea administration had a significantly favorable effect on serum urea (mg/dl) (Group A=21.9 ± 2.8, Group B=93.2 ± 3.9, Group C=36.4± 3.0; p<0.001) and serum creatinine (mg/dl) (Group A=0.9 ± 0.22, Group B=2.4± 0.52, Group C=0.97 ± 0.3; p<0.001). Conclusions: Green tea had ameliorative effects on the ibuprofen-induced changes in the biochemical markers of the adult rat kidneys.
The plethora of research highlights the adjustment problems in college/university students (Friedlander, Reid, Shupak, & Cribbie, 2007; Gerensea, Seid, Lamma, & Malloy, 2017; Leary & DeRosier, 2012; Wintre &Yaffe, 2000). However, the research in Pakistani context is still limited. This research attempts to explore the phenomenology of adjustment problems and is comprised of three studies. In study I, adjustment problems scale (APS) was developed through semi structured interviews and focus groups. Exploratory factor analysis (N=450) revealed nine factors (educational problems, interactional problems, shame and guilt, work related stress, psychological problems, teacher related stress, transport problems, sexual harassment issues and financial problems) with significant internal consistency (ɑ=.96, .96, .96, .95, .97, .93, .95, .88, .90 respectively). Confirmatory factor analysis (N=880) was explored on students sample (M= 19.95, SD= 2.54) which revealed the consistent factor structure as emerged on EFA. In study II, psychometric properties of APS were explored. Convergent Validity (N= 300) was explored through subscale (Negative Affect) of College Adjustment Test (Hasan, Kazmi, & Jawahir, 2017) (r=.28, p<.01). Discriminant validity (N=300) was found out by using Psychological Resilience Scale (Jawahir & Kazmi, 2013) (r=-.21) whereas test retest reliability (N=100) of APS with two weeks interval was (r=.91, p<.01). Method of contrasted groups was used to establish the construct validity of APS. In study III, role of adjustment problems was explored in relation to depression, academic achievement and resilience. APS along with demographic sheet, Psychological Resilience scale and Siddiqui Shah Depression Scale was administered on the sample (N=880). Academic achievement was assessed through the percentage of marks obtained by iv students in their 1st semester exams after admission. Results reveal that adjustment problems are significant positive predictor of depression while negative predictor of academic achievement. Resilience is significant negative predictor of adjustment problems. Furthermore, resilience mediates between adjustment problems and depression, adjustment problems and academic achievement. Stepwise regression analysis on the subscales of APS reveals that shame & guilt and psychological problems are significant positive predictors of depression. Financial problems, shame & guilt, work related stress, educational problems and teacher related stress are significant negative predictors of academic achievement. Results further reveal that male students have more adjustment problems as compared to female students. This study will be helpful for campus counselors for the early assessment and management of adjustment problems.