قانون ٹارٹ كا فقہ اسلامى كى روشنى میں جائزہ

Tort law is an umbrella term for  laws  which cover issues of civil wrongs like defamation, trespassing and the other actions involving  violation of law. In case a person has undergone a physical, legal or any economic harm then he can file a suit under the tort law. Torts are civil wrongs recognized by law as grounds for a lawsuit. It is also generally known that tort in Islamic fiqh as “Jinayet”. This paper attempts to analys  by Islamic law in thel light of the  relevant verses for the Qur’an followed by the rules stated in traditions from the Prophet (Peace by on him). Jinayat the part of Shari’a that applies to homicide or physical  injury is called jinayat and is based on the pre-Islamic rules of Arab blood feud, as modified by Prophet (Peace be on him). The punishment is either retaliation or blood money (diyat). Retaliation occurs only upon  the request of the victim, if alive, or his nearest kin if the victim is dead, and is to be inflicted by victim or kin. In the case of homicide retaliation means death, in the case of injury it means imposing an identical injury. Where retaliation is one of the options, the victim or his closest kinsman may demand blood money instead, or negotiate an out of court settlement. Jinayat, like modern tort law, is based on private action; there is no official responsible for initiating the case.

Impact of Resource Based View on New Product Development Process and New Product Success in Manufacturing Sector of Pakistan.

The present study investigates the impact of resource based view on new product development process and new product success. Additionally, the present research work introduces new product development process as a mediator. One novel dimension has been proposed in the current research i.e., ―New Product Branding Decisions‖. The other constructs (top management facilitation, customer and supplier facilitation) are modified according to the practices of new product development process prevailing in manufacturing sector of Pakistan. The construct of business intelligence of NPD team is also incorporating as a measure of internal resource along with top management facilitation and cross-functional team. Business intelligence of NPD team is another unique dimension of current research which was ignored previously. Based on literature review and identified gaps the present research work has proposed theoretical framework. For data collection, 500 companies were selected based on stratified random sampling technique. Further, on 500 selected companies simple random sampling technique was employed and through it 50 companies were selected in total. To collect data from respondents of 50 selected companies 450 questionnaires were distributed based on purposive sampling technique to the targeted sample (i.e., managers involved in new product development decisions). Whereas, respondents have returned 380 questionnaires from which 328 were usable. For face and content validity of questionnaire expert opinion of marketing professionals and professors associated with the field of business administration, psychology, and linguistics was obtained. Pilot testing was also carried out on 147 sample size. For pilot testing Cronbach‘s Alpha reliability was checked using SPSS, while confirmatory factor analysis was carried out through AMOS. For main analysis validity of all the scales is measured with item-to-total correlation, inter-item correlation, inter- scale correlation, total-scale correlation and factor analysis using exploratory factor analysis, while, the reliability is measured by using Cronbach‘s alpha reliability test. The means of data are compared based on different demographical factors by using Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test as data was not normal. For main analysis Structural equation modeling (SEM) technique is utilized to measure the model fit as well as to test the hypotheses. However, the assumptions to carry out structural equation modeling were assessed before running SEM. The model fit indices indicated that the proposed theoretical model is very good fit with the data of present study. All the direct relation hypotheses (H1, H2, H3, H4, & H5) were positively and significantly supported by the results of SEM analyses; however, mediating hypotheses H6 and H7 were partially supported. For mediating analysis both Barren and Kenney as well Bootstrapping methods were employed. It was noticed that through both methods partial mediation is approved. Further in this research, study contributions, recommendations, limitations, and possible future implications were discussed. This research has important implications for managers who are involved in new product development decisions that wish to determine the relative importance of utilizing internal and external resources for proficient new product development process in order to achieve new product success. This study is providing fresh and important avenues in new product development literature for research scholars, academia, and industry from developing countries like Pakistan.