اردو اور ہندی کا لسانی اشتراک و افتراق

اردو اور ہندی کا لسانی اشتراک و افتراق Initially was only language used to express human ideas. In every age, along with customs and traditions, language also went through stages of evaluation. That is why language of each region is unique. This uniqueness of languages is of its identity. Like human beings, languages also have their own families, and different languages grow as sub- branches of language family. They flourish and sometimes thrive and come to life through process of evolution. When some languages die out. Urdu and Hindi also belong to large languages families. They have a deep relationship. And speaking of same relationship, some tinkers do not separate them from each other. When it sometimes thinkers, there is difference between in the two. At a glance, we will mention the linguistic similarities and difference between Urdu and Hindi. Where are places and where there is difference between them, but all of them are mentioned here.

Polymorphism Analysis of Protooncogene Mdm2 in Thyroid Cancer

The most common endocrine carcinoma is Thyroid cancer and it is the fastest growing cancer worldwide. Thyroid cancer is of four major types including papillary, follicular, anaplastic and medullary thyroid cancer. Among all the types of thyroid cancers papillary thyroid cancer has been increased worldwide, followed by follicular, medullar and anaplastic subtypes. Since the past 40 years the increase in the rate of thyroid cancer incidence has been alarming. During 1974?2013, there were 79,409 thyroid cancer cases diagnosed; 77,276 (97%) were eligible for the analysis. Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) accounted for 84% of cases and follicular thyroid cancer for 11%. MDM2 proto-oncogene is very important in cell cycle proliferation and mutations in the MDM2 gene have been reported but the significant impacts of these mutations are limited. One of the mutations in MDM2 include cysteine 305 to tyrosine (C305Y) which results in the production of a protein that maintained the ability to bind and ubiquitinate p53 but failed to promote its degradation. MDM2 gene polymorphisms in association with thyroid cancer are still under studies, it may open the future grounds for the diagnosis and treatment of TC. In order to discover the relationship of the SNP309 MDM2 polymorphism with the destruction of the thyroid gland in the Pakistani population, the flow of reflux and flow included two meetings which were the patients and the controls; 120 patients had thyroid problems, hyperthyroidism with a mean period of 61.3 ? 5.50 years 87 (72.5%) men and 70 controls. The genotype and allele frequencies of the T / G rs2279744 polymorphisms are determined in patients with hyperthyroidism. There were significant differences between thyroid cases and sound controls for genotypic frequencies concerning the MDM2 polymorphism rs2279744. The wild type TT genotype was observed in 37 (30.83%) of patients, while 69 (57.50%) were heterozygous (TG) and 14 (11.67%) were homozygous for the abnormal genotype (GG) .In the control group, the frequencies of genotypes were 84.2% for TT, 11.42% for TG and 4.28% for GG.