ڈاکٹر شانتی سروپ
ڈاکٹر شانتی سروپ بڑی خاموشی سے اس دنیا سے رخصت ہوگئے، شخصیت پر نام اگر اثر انداز ہوتا ہے تو ڈاکٹر صاحب اس کا ایک سچا نمونہ تھے، سکوت و سکون کا پیکر، ہمیشہ ریشم و شبنم کی طرح بزم اور صہبا و نسیم کی مانند خراماں۔
جناب سید صباح الدین عبدالرحمن مرحوم کے زمانہ میں وہ اکثر دارالمصنفین آتے، مولانا ضیاء الدین اصلاحی مرحوم سے بھی یہی تعلق رہا، کبھی کبھی وہ اس خاکسار کے کمرے میں بھی تشریف لاتے اور یہ صرف اس وضع داری کے پاس میں جس پروہ برسوں سے عمل پیرا تھے، ہمارے یہ دونوں بزرگ ان کا جس عزت و محبت سے استقبال کرتے اس سے اندازہ ہوتا کہ ڈاکٹر صاحب فضل و کمال کی نعمت سے مالا مال ہیں اور جب برسوں پہلے ان کو دارالمصنفین کا رفیق اعزازی بنایا گیا تو یہ احساس اور قوی ہوگیا کیوں کہ دارالمصنفین کی تاریخ میں وہ پہلے غیرمسلم تھے جن کو اس علمی اعزاز سے نوازا گیا۔
مدت سے ان کی آمد کا یہ سلسلہ موقوف رہا اور جب ان کی خبر ملی تو اس طرح کہ وہ اس دنیا میں چلے گئے جہاں سے اب کبھی واپس نہ آئیں گے۔
ان کا ذکر چلا تو معلوم ہوا کہ انہوں نے بڑی خاموشی سے اپنی زندگی کا بیشتر حصہ علمی انہماک میں گزارا، خاص موضوع ہندوستان کی ثقافتی تاریخ تھا، جس میں انہوں نے کئی ایسی کتابیں مرتب کیں جو اپنے موضوع پر گہرے مطالعہ اور سچے تجزیے کی وجہ سے ہندوستان اور باہر کے ملکوں میں قدر و منزلت کے ساتھ قبول کی گئیں، جیسے آرٹس اینڈ کرافٹس آف انڈیا اینڈ پاکستان، ۵۰۰۰ یرس آف انڈیا آرٹس اینڈ کرافٹس آف انڈیا اینڈ پاکستان، فلورا اینڈ فونا ان مغل آرٹ، مغل آرٹ اے اسٹڈی ان ہینڈی کرافٹس، اس...
Previous literature reveals diverse aspects of Balāghah (Arabic Rhetoric) and Majāz (figurative language), but very scanty literature exists on the evolution of both Balāghah and Majāz in Arabic language. This paper attempts to take an exhaustive review the existing literature in order to find out the stages and the factors which helped in the evolution of Balāghah and Majāz. The review reveals that the factors for development of Balāghah in Arabic language and rhetoric are figures of profane literature and their modification, evolution from oral tradition to written tradition, doctrine of ᾽I‛cjāz, doctrine of laḥn and Greek literature. The review also revealed the gradual evolution of Majāz through various stages which culminated in the works of Al-Jurjāni (d.471). The paper argues that Arabic rhetoric has remained stagnant since Al-Jurjāni, and it needs innovation in light of modern linguistic theories. This paper is a modest contribution to the literature on Arabic rhetoric and Majāz which may help the researchers working on Arabic rhetoric and metaphor, but it would recommend further research of classical and modern literature in order to achieve more insights on the evolution and development of Arabic rhetoric
Codon optimized synthetic epsps gene was used to develop transgenic tobacco and sugarcane lines using Agrobacterium and biolistic approach, respectively. Putative transgenic tobacco lines analyzed by qRT-PCR showed variable mRNA transcript levels. Southern hybridization performed for determining gene integration patterns showed multiple copy inserts (1-4) of transgene in various tested lines. Immunoblot strips confirmed the translation of cp4-epsps mRNA transcripts in T1 line. Malachite green assay showed variable EPSPS activity levels in various lines in response to glyphosate application. Transgenic tobacco lines exposed to 1% (v/v) glyphosate at 4 to 5 leaf stage showed variable resistance levels ranging from moderate level tolerance to high tolerance. The cp4-epsps mRNA transcript levels varied from genotype to genotype in tested transgenic sugarcane lines regardless of the integration of multiple copy number (3-6) of transgene. Genetic transformation with pyramided constructs results in the integration of multiple genes at a single locus, which is desirable in terms of expression efficiency of transgenes. The cp4-epsps gene was pyramided with insect resistant cry1Ac and cry2Ab genes and cloned in pSb187 vector was used to genetically transform tobacco using Agrobacterium mediated approach. Transgenic lines were confirmed through PCR using gene specific primers of respective genes. The mRNA transcript level of cp4-epsps gene detected through qRT-PCR using GAPDH gene as an internal control was found to be variable among different transgenic lines. Transgenic lines were tested for checking the translational efficiency of all three genes using immunoblot strips. Transgenic tobacco lines found expressing all three proteins were subjected to detached leaf insect bioassays to evaluate the effectiveness of Bt genes in putative transgenic tobacco against insect attack using first instar larvae from Spodoptera littura and Helicoverpa armigera. Transgenic tobacco found to be resistant against these insects showed that cry1Ac and cry2Ab genes were efficient enough in pyramided form. When these transgenic tobacco lines were exposed to glyphosate at 10 to 12 leaf stage, chlorotic symptoms were observed which hinted that herbicide tolerance potential of transgene declined with increasing age of the plants. In order to overcome the spatio temporal gene expression issues, a dual copy epsps expression cassette synthesized under different regulatory elements, cloned in pGreen0029 binary vector was used to generate transgenic tobacco. These tobacco lines exhibited excellent resistance against 19% (v/v) glyphosate at 10-12 leaf stage. This construct has shown tremendous potential regarding transgene expression levels which is required in the field crops. This dual cassette cp4-epsps gene has been recommended for generation of glyphosate resistant cotton and other commercially important cultivars.