تعقبات ابن العراقي واستدراكاته في تحفة التحصيل على العلائي في جامع التحصيل

The research reveals significant insights cited by Ibn Al ‘Irāqī in his book "Toḥfah Al Taḥṣīl" on the illusions of Al-‘Alā'ī in his book "Jāmi Al Taḥṣīl". It highlights the scientific value of those illusions that Ibn Al-‘Irāqī pointed out. Several of them are related to narrators of hadith and their issues of hearing from their sheikhs. Many of those illusions are related to the chain narrators (isnad), the main text of the report (matn), or their position in the books of sunnah. There are no previous studies on this subject. I put the sequential insights I revel under headlines through which one can realize the illusions that Al-Ala'i fell in. I conclude with the perceptions that both Ibn Al-‘Iraqī and Al-‘Alā’ī have shared. I don’t mention my opinion after each insight for Ibn Al-‘Iraqī; however, my silence is an approval to what he said. When I went against him or it was important to mention any comment or information, I openly said my opinion and explained the reasons for my opposition. Some of the research findings are: Al-Ala'i ignores mentioning the narrator's gap (irsal), although Al-Mizzī mentions it in his book "Tahdhīb", or the scholars mention it before both of them.  He describes the narrator having a gap (irsāl) and attributes it to Al-Mizzī.  He added notes like "he didn't encounter him" and formulated expressions that weren’t mentioned by neither Al Dhahabī nor Al-Mizzī. He references a Ḥadīth to a book that it is not included in.

Enhancing Customer Loyalty Through Service Quality: Reviving Strategic Competitiveness of Pakistan International Affairs

The customers’ satisfaction and brand loyalty are indispensable prerequisites, for an airline to stay competitive. To gain understanding of the factors affecting Pakistan International Airlines (PIA) declining performance, this research investigates PIA’s service quality, passenger satisfaction, passenger loyalty and empirically examine the directional relationship among these three constructs. The research investigated the airline service quality evolved around the SERVQUAL dimensions based on the different stages of providing services to passengers covering both attitudinal and behavioral aspects of satisfaction and loyalty. The study investigated 360 passengers of PIA and 200 passengers of Emirates airline through convenience sampling technique. The survey was conducted in four major airports in Pakistan, namely, Karachi, Peshawar, Lahore and Islamabad, The data were analyzed using a variety of descriptive and statistical techniques. The descriptive analyses included mean, median, mode and demographic analysis of the passengers on the basis of gender, age, cities and designations of the respondents. The reliability and validity of the research are checked through Cronbach’s alpha, PCA and CFA. The study applied correlation, regression and T-tests to test the hypothesis of the study. The results revealed that all dimensions of expected service quality have a positive significant effect on expected customer satisfaction and expected customer loyalty except expected assurance, which shows the positive insignificant effect. The results demonstrated positive significant effect of all dimensions of actual service quality on actual customer''s satisfaction and actual customer''s loyalty except actual responsiveness which shows a significant negative effect on both actual customer satisfaction and actual loyalty. The results predicted significant difference in expected and actual dimensions of service quality i.e tangibility, reliability, responsiveness and empathy, however assurance show insignificant difference. Expected Customer Satisfaction and actual Customer Satisfaction also showing insignificance difference. The results also predicted insignificant difference between expected Customer loyalty and actual customer loyalty. The results also confirmed the significant difference in PIA and Emirates Airline ii service quality and Emirates found better in this regards, revealed from the T-test comparative results conducted on the bases of both expected and actual service quality dimensions. The overall findings of the study indicate that the service quality is highly related to passenger satisfaction and passenger’s loyalty both and, the level of Emirate’s Airline service quality is better than the PIA. The suggestions are given to PIA.