انواع کتب حدیث: لفظی و معنوی موزونیت

The obeisance of Holy Prophet (S. A. W) is the path of forgiveness and essential component of faith. Therefore, the series of preservations of, (RA) Sahabah by continued is (صلى الله عليه وسلم) Prophet Holy of actions and sayings the followers of Ṣaḥābah and Scholars of the Ummah. For worldly and eternal saving, disciplined efforts were carried out in order to preserve this series. This methodology of preservation with extreme care and technique is exemplary. The process for collection of Hadith was initiated and shaped into books and volumes. It is due to the dignified status of Hadith that Allah created such individuals who preserved the sayings of Holy Prophet (ﷺ) with religious fervor, zeal, honesty and great care. In this article meaningful analysis has been given for such important terminologies which convey technically internal characteristics of the series of books and are a great source of literary beauty. In this connection, terminologies and their meanings represent reflection of each other. The basis of these terminologies is not only on estimated ideas but on the literary and intellectual facts. These are not only according to the time and age but also historical and geographical according to the need of hour and circumstances. From Muḥaddithīn’s point of view, these collections have certain benefits and purposes due to which they kept naming them. The brief, simple and understandable words of terminologies are common; however, their purpose is not common. It is distinguished and extra ordinary. The words used in terminologies are not special but purpose is not to express application. Their contextual meaning is taken under consideration instead of the literal one.

Dynamics of Stem End Rot Disease of Mango Fruit and its Mangement

Stem end rot (SER) is a fungal disease complex that poses a major threat to the delivery of quality mangoes from Pakistan to export markets. The dynamics of this disease remain unclear, but must be elucidated so that effectiveness of disease management can be improved. The present study sought to describe the infection process and delineate a disease cycle of SER under Pakistani growing conditions. Culturing of symptomatic samples from traditional and good practices blocks revealed colonization of mango fruit by Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Phomopsis mangiferae, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Alternaria alternata and Botrytis cinerea, of which L. theobromae was the most prevalent. Fully mature but unripe mango fruits were collected from major mango growing belt of Punjab Province. The fruits were stored in cold storage (12oC; 21 days) and ambient storage (33oC; 9 days). After ripening, fruit under ambient and cold storage revealed that SER was the most prevalent disease. Pathogenicity assay revealed that all the artificially inoculated fungal pathogens were pathogenic. L. theobromae produced larger lesion diameter (74.6 mm) in ambient storage followed by C. gloeosporioides (54.6 mm). In cold storage, maximum lesion diameter (54.6 mm) was observed when spore suspension of L. theobromae was inoculated followed by C. gloeosporioides (37.6 mm). In another study, the relationship between lengths of fruit pedicle with SER disease development was investigated. It was found that retaining a portion of the pedicel on harvested fruit reduced development of SER during the course of ripening, in comparison to fruit from which the pedicel was removed. Histopathology of pedicel attached with mango fruit indicated an extensive distribution of L. theobromae infecting xylem vessels and other tissues. In subsequent research, the efficacy of fungicides - Cabrio Top®, Nativo®, Scholar®, Tecto®, Amistar®, and Sportak®, and plant extracts - ( Peganum harmala, Syzygium aromaticum, Cichorium intybus, Moringa oleifera, Cinnamomum zeylanicum and Coriandrum sativum) at several concentrations was assessed against SER pathogens in vitro and in vivo. Results indicated that Nativo and Cabrio Top at the concentration of 200 and 250 μg/mL, and M. oliefera, S. aromaticum and C. zeylanicum at the concentration of 25 and 50 μg/mL, provided statistically significant suppression of mycelial growth of tested pathogens and SER development.