اردو اور ہندی کا لسانی اشتراک و افتراق

اردو اور ہندی کا لسانی اشتراک و افتراق Initially was only language used to express human ideas. In every age, along with customs and traditions, language also went through stages of evaluation. That is why language of each region is unique. This uniqueness of languages is of its identity. Like human beings, languages also have their own families, and different languages grow as sub- branches of language family. They flourish and sometimes thrive and come to life through process of evolution. When some languages die out. Urdu and Hindi also belong to large languages families. They have a deep relationship. And speaking of same relationship, some tinkers do not separate them from each other. When it sometimes thinkers, there is difference between in the two. At a glance, we will mention the linguistic similarities and difference between Urdu and Hindi. Where are places and where there is difference between them, but all of them are mentioned here.

Chelant Assisted Lead Pb Phytoextraction and its Subsequent Role in Antioxidant System of Leafy and Rooty Vegetables

The experiments were conducted to explore the chelant-assisted lead (Pb) phyto-extraction and subsequent antioxidative responses in spinach and turnip plants under both controlled (Growth Incubator) environment and filed (natural) conditions. The seeds of turnip (Brassica Rapa L. cv. Purple Top) and spinach (Spinacea oleracea L. cv. Desi) were surface sterilized and sown in plastic pots filled with thoroughly washed sand. Later on, the same experiment was conducted in the field under natural conditions. In controlled experiment, after germination, 10 d old spinach and turnip seedlings were exposed to different Pb regimes (0, 2.42 and 4.83 mM). While in case of field experiment, 20 d old plants were expose to Pb regimes where the control plot exhibited 0.0218 mM Pb concentration. After 10 days of Pb application, 2.4 mM concentrations of different chelating agents viz., ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA), citric acid (CA), oxalic acid (OA), tartaric acid (TA) and malic acid (MA) were applied to the plants both under controlled and field conditions. Different Pb regimes altered biomass and different physiobiochemical attributes in both crop species. On the other hand, the application of chelates, especially CA increased growth in both crop species. However, of the chelates, TA was much more effective in increasing tissue specific Pb concentrations in both crops. The beneficial effects of chelates attributed to the capacity to increase photosynthetic pigments, antioxidative enzymes and nutrient uptake under different Pb regimes. Both crop species were able to tolerate Pb levels applied. Furthermore, some chelates were able to reduce tissue specific toxic concentration of Pb leading to hormesis. Overall, the results elaborated the potential of chelates in increasing growth, biomass, and thus suggested their use for phytoextraction of Pb. Based on the effectiveness of TA in increasing root Pb concentrations in case of turnip and shoot Pb concentrations in case of spinach suggested its use for phytoextraction of Pb in Pb-polluted environments.