فقہ اسلامی اور منو دھرم شاستر كا تقابلی مطالعہ

Fiqh Islami or Islamic Jurisprudence is Muslim sacred law based on primary Islamic sources i. E. Quran and Sunnali and which provides code ofconduct to Muslims in all spheres of life. Manu Dharam Shastra or laws of Manu is one of the standard books of Hindu religious law. This article aims at comparative study of 'lawsuit in Hinduism and Islam' in light ofFiqh Islamic and Manu Dharam Shastra.

Alleviation of Salt Stress Through Exogenous Application on Heat Shock & Phytohormones on Various Mung Bean Genotypes

Mungbean is superior over all other pulses because it is rich in proteins (24.2%), carbohydrates (60.4%), dietary fiber (14.73%) and very low in fat (0.67%) and can substitute meat quite well especially for poor people. This valuable & high nutritive pulse has low yield due to the shortage of irrigated land as large agricultural land is affected by salt. Its yield can be increased by utilizing huge saline affected fields for its cultivation. Due to salt-sensitive nature of mungbean, five renowned genotypes NM-92, NM-98, NM-51, NM13-1, and NM19-19 were first evaluated under 0, 50, 150, 250 & 350 mM NaCl stress in this study at seedling stage. Among all genotypes NM-92 performed better for all growth, photosynthetic parameters, total soluble proteins, and antioxidant enzymes such as POD, CAT and SOD while, NM19-19 so considered to be highly sensitive at all concentration of NaCl. These two genotypes were further evaluated for cytotoxicity of NaCl. Where, NM-92 showed significantly higher mitotic index and the lesser number of chromosomal aberrations like stickiness in the chromosome, lagged anaphase, spiralization of chromosomes, bridge and disturbed anaphase then NM19-19 genotype. Therefore, enhancing further salt tolerance in mungbean plants to utilize huge saline agricultural lands, application of heat-shock (40 °C for 1h) and phytohormones (GAᴣ, IAA, and SA for 24h) were effective to minimize the adverse effect of salinity. For this purpose, pre- and post-imbibition of phytohormones were first assessed to find out the most effective treatment for salt tolerance. This experiment showed that pre-imbibition treatment of phytohormone alleviates salt stress much better than post-treatment of phytohormone. Furthermore, heat-shock (40 °C), was also able to induce salt tolerance when applied prior to salt stress. The pre-treatment effect of heat-shock (40 °C), gibberellic acid (100 μM), indole acetic acid (100 μM), and salicylic acid (50 μM) on salt-stressed seedlings were investigated for some growth, photosynthetic, biomolecular, and biochemical parameters. Where, the maximum increase in seedling length, fresh biomass, total photosynthetic pigments, total soluble protein, and activities of SOD, APX, GPX, & CAT were found in SA pre-imbibed seedlings as compared to control, and any treatments. In contrast, proline, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde contents were decreased in SA pre-treated salt stressed seedlings. Moreover, protein profile and dendrogram analysis grouped 25 treatments into 6 clusters. Where group of treatments in each cluster showed 100 % homology when comparison was made. However, pre-imbibition of SA treatment showed more divergent and higher number of protein bands among all treatments. Therefore, salicylic acid has a positive role in the mitigation of damage caused by salt stress for all mungbean genotypes. Thus, it is recommended that 50 μM salicylic acid pre-imbibed mungbean seeds have potential to be efficiently grow and give high yield on salt affected zone of the cultivable region, and among all genotypes NM-92 performed best and proved to be most salt tolerant genotype.