موضوع 2:اسلام میں تحقیق کے اصول
قرآن پاک کی روشنی میں تحقیق کی اہمیت:
اسلام ایک مکمل ضابطہ حیات ہے جس کی بنیاد قرآن پاک پر قائم ہے۔اس میں قیامت تک کے انسانوں کے لیے رہنمائی موجود ہے۔ اس میں ہدایات، احکام،اصول و کلیات پر مشتمل بنیادی باتیں بیان کی گئی ہیں۔اسلام وہ واحد آفاقی مذہب ہے جو رہبانیت کی نفی کرتا ہے اور سچائی تک پہنچنے کے لیے کسی حد تک عقل کے استعمال کی اجازت دیتا ہے کیونکہ تحقیق و تجربے سے غوروفکر سے پہلو تہی کرنا حقائق تک پہنچنے کی راہ میں رکاوٹ پیدا کرتا ہے۔
ایسے موضوعات جو انسانی عقل سے مابعد طبیعاتMetaphysics مثلا اللہ تعالی کی ذات اورصفات وغیرہ سے متعلق ہیں اسلام ان کے بارے میں سوچ و بچار کی اجازت نہیں دیتا ہیے۔ ایسے سوالات ہیں جومحدود انسانی عقل میں نہیں سما سکتے ان کا علم صرف وحی کے ذریعے سے ہی حاصل ہو سکتا ہے۔ان کے علاوہ ہر وہ موضوع جس کا تعلق فلاح انسانی سے ہے۔ قرآن پاک میں جابجا غوروفکر کی دعوت دی گئی ہے۔جن میں سے چند آیات کریمہ درج ذیل ہیں۔
1۔سورۃالنساء کی آیت نمبر 82 میں اللہ تعالی فرماتے ہیں:
"تو کیا لوگ قرآن پر غور نہیں کرتے۔اگر یہ اللہ کے سوا کسی اور کی طرف سے ہوتا تو اس میں تفاوت پاتے۔"
2۔سورۃمحمد کی آیت نمبر 24 میں اللہ تعالی فرماتے ہیں:
"تو کیا یہ لوگ قرآن میں غور نہیں کرتے یا دلوں پر کفر لگ گئے ہیں۔"
3۔سورۃ الانعام کی آیت نمبر50 میں اللہ تعالی فرماتے ہیں:
"آپ کہیے کہ اندھا اور بینا کہیں برابر ہو سکتے ہیں؟ کیا تم غور نہیں کرتے۔"
ان آیات کریمہ کے مطالعے سے معلوم ہوتا ہے کہ حق تعالی نے قرآن پاک کے ذریعے انسان کو غوروفکر یعنی تحقیق کرنے کا حکم دیا۔
اسلام میں...
The aim of this research is to find out the partial and simultaneous influence of firm size, leverage, cash holding, winner/loser and profitability on smoothing in technology sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2019-2021. The method in this research uses quantitative methods. The hypothesis in this research was tested using logistic regression analysis using EViews 12 software. The sampling technique used in this research was the Purposive Sampling Technique which produced 11 samples of selected companies over a period of 3 years so that 33 sample units of companies in the technology sector were listed. on the Indonesian Stock Exchange. The results of this research show that the variables firm size, leverage and profitability have a significant effect on income smoothing. Meanwhile, cash holding and winner/loser stock do not have a significant effect on income smoothing. For the results of simultaneous hypothesis testing, firm size, leverage, cash holding, winner/loser stock and profitability have a significant effect on income smoothing. The implication of this research is that companies can first consider the impact before carrying out income smoothing.
Cockfighting chickens (Aseel) are popular in Pakistan primarily for their fighting behavior, good quality meat and as an attractive household bird. Seals depicting domestication of cockfighting chickens in Pakistan is as old as 2500 BC. Nevertheless, the exact origin of these chickens in Pakistan is not yet known. Pakistan is home to an estimated four to seven distinct varieties of cockfighting chickens. This study aimed to understand the phenotypic and genotypic diversity of Pakistani indigenous cockfighting chickens (ICC). For this purpose, a total of 185 samples of Pakistani ICC were obtained and evaluated for both phenotypic and genotypic diversity. The phenotypic data obtained were evaluated for both qualitative and quantitative characteristics of cockfighting chickens. Qualitatively, Aseel chickens were characterized by red, black, white, and wheaten plumage; yellow and brown shank; yellow beak with black patches; small earlobes; pea comb; yellow eye color and minimal wattles. Overall, the Aseels displayed great diversity with respect to its plumage. Quantitatively, Mianwali Aseel showed significantly lower estimates of mean body weight and body circumference than all other studied varieties (p≤0.05). Contrastingly, Kulung and Sindhi Aseels showed significantly higher estimates (p≤0.05) of mean body weight compared to all other Aseels. Mean breast widths, keel lengths, pelvis lengths and body circumferences did not showed any significant difference among the studied varieties (p≥0.05). Interestingly, Mianwali Aseel showed significantly higher estimates of mean drum length than Mushka, Sindhi, Kulung and Peshawari Aseels. Furthermore, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) hyper variable region (HV1) was sequenced to understand the phylogeny of ICC populations. Median-joining networks and Neighbor-Joining (NJ) trees were constructed by the 43 haplotypes which were generated from 38 polymorphic nucleotides sites. As a result, four distinct haplogroups (A, B, C, D) were emerged. Collectively, haplogroup D showed highest diversity (81.6%) followed by haplogroup A (15.1%), B (2.7%) and C (0.5%). Phylogenetic analysis of the data revealed that ICC and Gallus gallus murghi shared hyplogroup D. Likewise, the haplotype and nucleotide diversity ranged 0.643-0.909 and 0.00585-0.01575, respectively. The overall, high genetic diversity among individuals of ICC populations was noticed 91.52%, thus showing least genetic differentiation among the sub-populations (8.48%). Statistical tests showed extensive population expansion within the ICC population. Thus, our results showed that Pakistan, like Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, might have been one of the centres for domestication for cockfighting chickens. A South to North declining trend of haplogroup A in our data indicates the emergence of this haplogroup A towards Southern Pakistan in the recent past. Moreover, comparison of our data with other studies around the world showed significant variations, which could be attributed to the underlying differences in the geographies, selection pressures, regional practices within each country and multiple origin of cockfighting chickens over the world. Dispersal of cockfighting chickens around the world reflects the past trading routes between human communities and civilizations.