اَرش
اَرش کا معنی و مفہوم
ماہرین لغت کے نزدیک زخموں کی دیت کو اَرش کہتے ہیں،جیسا کہ الزبیدی لکھتے ہیں
"الأَرْشُ:الدَّيَةُ،أَي دِيَةُ الجِرَاحَاتِ،سُمِّيَ أَرْشاً لأَنَّه من أسْبَابِ النِّزَاعِ۔"169
"ارش دیت ہے یعنی زخموں کی دیت ۔اس کا نام ارش اس لیے رکھا گیا ہے کیونکہ یہ جھگڑے کے اسباب میں سے ہے "
تاوان یا جرمانہ جو شریعت نے زخموں پر مقرر کیا ہے۔کسی کو زخمی کرنے پر بھی دیت مقرر کی گئی ہے ، جیسا کہ ابن منظور نے بیان کیا
"والأَرْش من الجراحات ما ليس له قدر معلوم وقيل هو دِيَةُ الجراحات وقد تكرر في الحديث ذكر الأَرْشِ المشروع في الحُكومات وهو الذي يأْخذه المشتري من البائع إِذا اطَّلَع على عيب في المَبيع۔"170
"ارش وہ تاوان ہے جو شریعت نے زخموں پر مقرر کیا ہے اور اس طرح وہ تاوان بھی جو مبیع کے اندر عیب کے مطلع ہونے پر مشتری بائع سے وصول کرتاہے۔ "
Fayyuz-ul-Herman is the book of Shah Waliullah. In which he describes the circumstances of the two years he spent in Macca and Madina. This book is in Arabic and there are two translations in Urdu. The name of the first Translation is Saadat e Konin. The second translation's name is Mushahidat o Maaraf. This article has a comparative study of both the merits and the shortcomings are described.
Introduction: Neonatal sepsis is one of the significant causes of mortality and morbidity in neonatal age. Prompt clinical diagnosis and empirical antibiotic therapy is essential to decrease the mortality and morbidity. Because the causative organisms and their susceptibility are different, place to place and time to time, and resistant to commonly used antibiotics, it is alarming all over the world especially in developing countries Therefore, periodic causative and antimicrobial surveillance is essential all over the world. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of causative organisms and their susceptibility to commonly used antibiotics in neonatal sepsis as well as to direct the empirical antibiotic therapy at French Medical Institute for Children (FMIC), Kabul Afghanistan. Material and Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted. A total of 270 blood culture positive patients were included in the study from January 2013 to June 2016. Medical record files and blood culture results were reviewed. Results: A total of 1184 suspected neonatal sepsis patients were admitted. Blood culture was positive in 298 (25.1%), of which 172 (63.7%) were gram negative; while 90 (33.3%) were gram positive organisms and 8 (2.9%) were with fungal growth. Pseudomonas 42 (15.5%) and Klebsiella 41 (15.1%) were the leading causes among gram negative organisms followed by Burkholderia (10.7%), Enterobacter cloacae (7.7%), E. coli(5.5%) and other gram negative organisms. CoNS 68(25.1%) was the most common organism among gram positive following by Staphylococcus aureus 15 (5.5%) and Enterococcus 7 (2.6%). All isolated organisms were highly resistant to Ampicillin (>75%), Cefotaxime (>50%) and Gentamycin (>25%), while the most effective drug for gram negative organisms were Imipenem, Tazobactam+Piperacillin, Amikacin and Ciprofloxacin. All gram positive organisms were highly sensitive (100%) to Vancomycin. Conclusion: Gram negative organisms were the leading cause of neonatal sepsis followed by gram positive. All isolated organism were highly resistant to commonly used empirical antibiotics for neonatal sepsis. Irrational use of antibiotics by physicians is leading to resistance, mortality and morbidity. In order to prevent all these bad outcomes, regular educational awareness programs in the hospitals and regular surveillance for detecting the common causes and their susceptibility is crucial to adapt the empirical antibiotic therapy in neonatal sepsis.