کاروانِ زنبور
یہ کاروانِ زنبور ازل سے محوِ سفر ہے
اس عظیم جد و جہد پرطویل مسافتیں بھی حیران ہیں
جس نے اپنے لہو رنگ پرچموں سے
نیلے آسماں کو چرخِ احمر میں بدل ڈالا
سرد راتوں میںخونیں انقلاب کے چراغ جلائے
یہ کاروانِ زنبور
کاندھوں پر اہرامِ مصر اٹھائے
دشت کی وسعتیںناپتا
کوہساروں کی بلند یاں کاٹتا
دریائوں کے دل چیرتا ہوا
John Rawls, an American Political Philosopher worked on the very idea of justice in his writings throughout his life. He was of the opinion that an institution is just and fair only when its principles and rules are prepared to benefit all the members of the society equally and if there is an unequal distribution then it must advantage all of them especially the ones who are least i.e. Needy. The political institutions must shape up such kind of policies in order for the development of the wellbeing of the individuals in the society by providing them with resources, opportunities, basic necessities etc. Equally. Whereas, the conception of social justice is also based on equality and the human rights where they could be treated as free and equals i.e. An egalitarian society. In this research paper we will analyze the significance of John Rawl’s theory
Rice production is greatly limited by high level of soil salinity around the world. To overcome this major abiotic constraint, different strategies have been adopted for the development of salt tolerant rice varieties. In present study, tolerance potential of 63 rice genotypes was evaluated at seedling stage under different levels of salt stress. Among screened genotypes, six were found tolerant, 37 moderate tolerant and 20 were sensitive under tested levels of salt stress. Tolerant genotypes showed less reduction in root shoot length, fresh weight and dry weight, compared with FL478 (positive control). Sensitive genotypes showed ~ 90 % reduction in all growth parameters. Selected genotypes, were further assessed using 21 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, residing within SalTol QTL region on chromosome 1. Ninteen SSR markers were found polymorphic among salt tolerant and sensitive genotypes. Cluster analysis based on SSR markers, grouped genotypes into three clusters as sensitive, tolerant and moderate tolerant. However, population structure analysis combined tolerant and moderate tolerant genotypes in one set. To identify the genetic variation in stress-related genes in salt tolerant genotypes, we performed genotyping by sequencing (GBS) of seven rice lines with contrasting responses to salinity stress. Approximately 83 % reads were mapped to the rice reference genome (Nipponbare). We identified a total of 80,159 SNPs and 6,403 InDels among the seven rice genotypes. Of the SNPs 42 % were identified from the genic regions and out of these 27 % were observed in coding regions. Bioinformatics analysis was used to identify functional SNPs in the genes that changed the functions of proteins. We identified 116 abiotic stress related genes that contained 138 nsSNPs (between tolerant and sensitive) in coding regions, thus having effects on proteins. In other study, selected four BC1F5 populations derived by crossing a high yield recipient rice line (WTR-1) with four donors were used. These populations were sequenced by tGBS. Data analysis revealed presence of 99 non-synonymous deleterious SNPs in 62 loci. Of the 62 affected loci, 10 were predicted to be responsive towards salinity tolerance. Analysis indicated that these genes may contribute to salt stress phenotype in rice varieties, and the identified nonsynonymous deleterious SNPs are useful to distinguish tolerant and sensitive genotypes.