مزاح سے متعلق اسلامی و مغربی مفکرین کی آراء اور نبوی ﷺتعلیمات ؛ایک تجزیاتی مطالعہ Views of Islamic & Western Scholars about Humour and Propheticﷺ Teachings; An Analytical Study

Fun and humour are part of human nature and character while people have a strong desire for relaxation that they want to have the means to express joy. Even bitter ideas can be easily conveyed to others through humor and good nature. Islam did not only allow laughter and entertainment but also prescribed such rules and regulations that people can fulfill their natural needs while living within the limitations. The Holy Prophet ﷺ made the best arrangements for Islamic state of Madina, the tastes and interests of the people, and their entertainment, and set an example for the rulers that like other countries. Hazrat Muhammad ﷺ did not only allow laughter and humor, but he himself was cheerful and happy towards his companions. Humour is an essential element of human life, and it has significant importance in Islam as well as in other religions. In this regard, we also get a lot of guidance from Sirat-e-Tayyaba, and it is justified with certain conditions. In this article, the authors have discussed the introduction of humor, its status in Shariah and its limitations from the perspective of Islamic Shari'ah. The authors have tried to analysis opinions of psychologists, Islamic and Western thinkers in this regard. Keywords: Cheerfulness, Humor, Human Instinct, Entertainment Humiliation.

Accounting for Black Carbon Relationship With Organochlorines in Lesser Himalaya, Pakistan

Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are important group of chemicals that may be released into the environment accidently or as a result of intentional anthropogenic activities and can cause various ecotoxicological and human health hazards. Their long range atmospheric transport potential could lead them to reach high altitude cold regions where they become deposited and trapped on surface media. Intriguingly, another pollutant, black carbon (BC) shows strong association with these trace chemicals and could sturdily affect the environmental distribution of these contaminants. The Himalaya is globally highest mountain range of 2400 km2 with an altitude of < 100-8844 masl that separates the Indian Subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Of particular importance is its proximity to industrialized regions of China, India and Pakistan. Due to influence of wind patterns (monsoon and westerlies) and anthropogenic activities, lower stretch of the Himalaya is at direct exposure to POPs. Current study was designed to monitor soil, sediment, water and atmospheric concentrations of long lived OCPs and PCBs in the Lesser Himalayan Region (LHR) of Pakistan. Polyurethane foam passive air samplers (PUF-PAS) were deployed for air samples, while soil, sediment and water samples were collected according to the defined protocols. Further, total organic carbon (TOC) and BC were analyzed in soils and sediments. Chemo-Thermal Oxidation (CTO-375) method was used for BC analysis, whereas OCs were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) system. Soil BC and TOC ranged between 0.16– 1.77 and 6.8−41.3 mg g-1, while sedimentary BC and TOC varied between 0.3−43.5 mg g−1 and 1.7−65.4 mg g−1, respectively. OCPs in soil, air, sediment and water samples from the LHR ranged between 0.69−5.77 ng g−1, 3.77−247 pg m−3, 0.59−3.64 ng g−1 and 0.07−41.4 ng L−1, respectively. PCBs concentrations ranged between 0.12–2.55 ng g-1, 8.49–458 pg m–3, 0.01−1.31 ng g−1 and 0.671−84.5 ng L−1, respectively. Spatially, Zone C (altitude range of 737−975 masl) have shown higher OCs levels in case of all matrices. Though, air mass trajectories over the LHR indicated long range transport as atmospheric source input, which was further explained by Clausius– Clapeyron plots between ln P and inverse of temperature (1000/T; K) where all OCPs and most of the PCBs have shown insignificant relationship (r2 = 5E-06–0.41; p-value = 0.06–0.99). However, local source emissions and valley transport may also implicate based on spatial distribution and altitudinal patterns. The results of linear regression analysis revealed potential input of BC in soil distribution of OCs concentrations in the region. Additionally, soil-air partitioning of OCs was assessed using octanol-air partition (KOA) and black carbon-air partition (KBC) based models. Regression results indicated combined influence of both organic matter (r2 = 0.3−0.85) and black carbon (r2 = 0.31−0.86) via absorption and adsorption, respectively in soil-air partitioning of OCs in the LHR. The relationship of sedimentary BC and TOC with OCPs and PCBs was evaluated using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Pearson Correlation Analysis that indicated higher sorptive influence of BC over TOC in distribution status of OCs in the LHR. Sedimentwater partitioning of OCPs and PCBs were deduced using field data by employing one carbon (fOCKOC) and two carbon Freundlich model (fOCKOC + fBCKBC-WCWnF−1). Results suggested improved measured vs predicted model concentrations when BC was induced in the model and suggested adsorption to be the dominant mechanism in phase partitioning of OCs in the LHR. The results of this study sheds light on the environmental concentrations of OCs in lower stretch of the Himalaya and help in better understanding of the processes involved in fate and transport of organic pollutants in the Himalayan region. Further investigations are required to understand the role of carbon fractions in fate and transport of other groups of organic pollutants at higher altitudes of the Himalayan region.