بین المذاہب ہم آہنگی میں حائل رکاوٹوں کا جائزہ

In contemporary world several efforts have been made to restore the global peace, harmony and co-existence, and still the struggles continue but in vain. There are some serious problems to be addressed in the first phase. Some of these problems, for interfaith harmony and co-existence are associated with political and economical imbalance or injustice, while some of these are related to social and collective values at the world level, particularly in the Muslim society. In the past, political and economic motives were responsible for wars. It is predicted that in future the situation will remain the same. However Religious extremism and fundamentalism are just slogans of the western world for covring up real economic intentions. Western world particularly Americans promote wars for achievement of economic gains. This article focuses on the real causes of terrorisim, which is threatening our globe. Moreover it also suggests how to control these issues and help in the restoration of peace and interfaith harmony. The economic, political and social causes have been highlighted in detail. The big powers while talking of helping the developing countries want in reality to exploit economically those countries.

Black Hole Attacksprevention Through Mac Based Aodv Protocol in Constraint Oriented Networks

Wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of a large number of sensor nodes with data collecting, processing and communication capabilities. Its primary objectives are how to exchange information securely to achieve authenticity, integrity and availability of data in an efficient manner. These networks are easily compromised by different attacks, i.e. Jamming attacks, Denial of service attacks (DoS), Sybil attacks, tampering attacks, and Black hole attacks. Black hole attacks are one of the most lured attacks that are used to highjack the security, functionality and performance of the WSNs. Ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) and Enhanced ad hoc on demand distance vector (E-AODV) protocols were proposed to resolve this issue. However, a tightly coupled issue associated with these approaches is their inconsistency to block an intruder node, i.e. every node doesn?t know anything about an intruder node until this information is shared by the concerned destination node. Moreover, communication process with the concerned destination node is an energy harvesting and time consuming process. Therefore, an energy efficient and secure routing protocol is needed to resolve the aforementioned issue i.e., black hole attack. In this research, a secure and lightweight routing protocol is proposed to prevent black hole attacks in constraint oriented networks i.e. WSNs, IoT and ad hoc networks. The proposed scheme is a hybrid of media access control (MAC) and Ad hoc on demand distance vector (AODV) protocols. Initially, every node is registered with nearest gateway/Cluster Head module through the MAC addressing scheme and only registered nodes are allowed to communicate. Registration process is useful in solving black hole attacks in WSNs i.e. due to communication restriction, intruder node(s) cannot interact either with gateway/CH or registered nodes. If somehow an adversary is able to send a message to the controller, it is not entertained or simply neglected by gateway/CH module. Simulation tool OMNeT++ was used to verify the authenticity, performance and security of the proposed scheme against field proven techniques such as AODV and EAODV.The simulation results of the proposed scheme were compared with the said techniques on the basis of key parameters such as latency, packet lost ratio and end to end delay.