مسٹر آرتہر ہیورڈ
لندن کے امپرئیل کالج آف سائنس میں مسٹر آرتہر ہیورڈ سائنس سے متعلق ایک تجربہ کرتے کرتے وفات پاگئے، وہ کچھ عرصہ سے فن تصویر کشی (فوٹوگرافی) سے متعلق تجربات میں مشغول تھے، اور آخری تجربہ ایک تاریک کمرہ کے اندر کررہے تھے، کمرہ میں روشنی کا کسی۔۔۔۔ ان سے گذر نہ تھا، اور اس کی چھت اور دیواریں سیاہ رنگ سے رنگی ہوئی تھیں، کمرہ اندر سے بند تھا، کہ وفعتہ زور سے ایک تڑاقا ہوا، مسٹر موصوف کے استاد پروفیسر بون باہر تھے، وہ یہ آواز سن کر دوڑے کمرہ کے اندر انھوں نے جھانکا تو معلوم ہوا بجلی کی روشنی ہورہی ہے، ایک ہتھوڑا لے کر انہوں نے دروازہ توڑا اور اندر گئے تو دیکھا کہ مسٹر ہیورڈ خون میں شرابور پڑے ہوئے ہیں اور دیکھتے ہی دیکھتے ختم ہوگئے، پروفیسر بون کی رائے میں جس آلہ سے وہ تجربہ کررہے تھے، اتفاقاً پھٹ گیا اور اس کے اندر جو زہریلی گیس تھی، اس کے صدمہ سے ان کی گردن سخت مجروح ہوئی اور یہی باعث ہلاکت ہوا۔ (فروری ۱۹۲۱ء)
The rise of Islam, which emerged as a panacea for the world problems is seen as a problem itself by the west today. The reason for this blame is the rise of extremism and Islam phobia in the western societies. This has serious implicat-ions for personal, communal, national and international security. The involve-ment of youth in extremist exertions is very high. They are being more action-oriented, easy to be influenced by radical ideologies and as an agent for thrus-ting social change. Keeping in consideration the role of youth in adopting to or combatting extremism, it is imperative to find the perception of this important population about the problem under investigation. The research study was conducted in six universities in the federal capital Islamabad to reach to the youth’s population. The research was guided by research questions that aimed at exploring students’ perception about extremism and its various dimensions. The researcher collected data through an open-ended questionnaire from 1840 students to seek an in-depth understanding of the problem. In order to increase credibility in the findings, the researcher conducted focused group interview with 12 young faculty members. The data from the questionnaires were conver-ted into percentages based on common themes. The interview data set were thematically analyzed to understand the causes of extremism and its suggested solutions. Recommendations were suggested to tackle the menace of extremism in Pakistan.
This research study examines the association between psychological entitlement and employee negative behavioral outcomes i.e. knowledge hiding behavior and instigated incivility accompanied by mediating role of abusive supervision perceptions. Furthermore, the intervening effect of job stress between psychological entitlement and instigated incivility is also analyzed. Apart from testing these underlying mechanisms, this study elaborates the moderating impact of hostile attribution bias on the association between psychological entitlement and abusive supervision perceptions. The buffering influence of rumination on the linkage between abusive supervision perceptions and two behavioral outcomes i.e. knowledge hiding behavior and instigated incivility is also analyzed. In addition, this research highlights that whether the sense of job calling moderates the positive impact of job stress on instigated incivility or not. Current study follows a sequential explanatory mixed method design where the first phase is quantitative in nature and the second phase is qualitative. In the quantitative phase of the study, data were gathered from 513 respondents in three time lags. Moreover, stratified random sampling technique was used for the stratification of the service sector followed by convenient sampling for data collection from the sample. In order to further explain and validate the quantitative results, unstructured one to one interviews from eight participants using the maximum variation sampling technique were conducted. Ten themes with corresponding subthemes were emerged in the qualitative phase. Integrated analysis of both phases was conducted at the end in the form of elaborate discussion. The quantitative results revealed that psychological entitlement is positively and significantly associated with knowledge hiding behavior and instigated incivility of employees. Furthermore, the mediating impact of abusive supervision perceptions and job stress were found significant. Moreover, the moderating impact of hostile attribution bias and job calling were also proved. However, the boundary level effect of rumination on the association between abusive supervision perceptions and knowledge hiding behavior and between abusive supervision perceptions and instigated incivility was found insignificant. The results of all the hypothesized relationships were further elaborated in the light of qualitative findings. The themes generated as a result of thematic analysis explained significant and insignificant findings of the quantitative phase. This research study also unfolded certain theoretical implications, practical implications and future research directions.