کل من علیھا فان
آہ!کیونکر کہیے! جس کا کھٹکا شروع سے لگا ہوا تھا آخروہی ہو کر رہا۔ آٹھ، نو مہینے کی اس درمیانی مدت میں رہ کر وہ کونسا اعلیٰ سے اعلیٰ علاج تھا جس میں کوئی دقیقہ اٹھا کے رکھا گیا نہ ہو۔سیکڑوں ختم بخاری شریف کے ہوئے۔ہزاروں لاکھوں، اﷲ کے نیک بندوں نے دعائے شبانہ کی ۔ اکابر و بزرگان ملت نے غلاف کعبہ پکڑ کرمنتیں مانیں۔ مگر جو مشیت کافیصلہ تھا وہ ہوکر رہا اور۲/اگست کوآخری شب میں ملت اسلامیہ کے ترکش کاخدنگ آخریں،علم وفضل کے خزانہ کاگوہر شب چراغ، درج شرف ومجد کا در تابندہ،اخلاق وفضائل کاپیکر،ملک اورقوم کی دساور کا متاع گرانما یہ اس عالم ناسوت کوخیرآباد کہہ کر ہمیشہ کے لیے جداہوگیااور اور دنیا کوایک ماتم سرابنا گیا۔اناﷲ واناالیہ راجعون۔عربی کے مشہور شعر میں قیس کی جگہ’’حفظ‘‘رکھ دیجیے تومعلوم ہوگا کہ یہ شعر عرصہ پہلے کسی نے اسی موقع کے لیے کہا تھا:
وماکان حفظ ھلکہ ھلک واحد
ولکنہ بنیان قوم تھدما
مولانا حفظ الرحمن یوں ہونے کو توکیا نہیں تھے۔علوم وفنون اسلامیہ کے بلندپایہ عالم،متصوف،مصنف،ولولہ انگیز خطیب اورمقرر،جنگ آزادی کے سپہ سالار اور ہیرو، مخلص اوربے لوث خادم ملک وملت سبھی کچھ تھے۔ مگر ملک کی آزادی کے بعد اُنھوں نے جو رول ادا کیاہے اُس کی تاریخ اس قدر شاندار ہے کہ اس میں کوئی ایک شخص بھی اُن کاحریف وسہیم نہیں ہوسکتا۔بے لوث اورجانبازانہ خدمت کی وجہ سے اُن کے قومی کارناموں کاریکارڈ اس درجہ بے داغ تھا کہ اُن کابڑے سے بڑا مخالف بھی اس پرحرف گیری نہیں کرسکتا تھا۔اس کے علاوہ صاف دماغی اورمعاملہ فہمی کایہ عالم تھا کہ اعلیٰ سے اعلیٰ تعلیم یافتہ حضرات اور بلندپایہ ارباب سیاست کے مجمع میں بیٹھتے تھے اوراُن سے اپنی بات منواکر اُٹھتے تھے۔ پھر حق گوئی اورجرأت کی یہ شان کہ جس چیز کوحق سمجھا اسے برملا...
Media in its various forms has become a significant part of everyday social life. It influences both how we see ourselves and the world around us to some extent. At different screens of media, images of men and women are presented in different ways and with different characteristics. Studies have been conducted at large regarding representation of gender in movies and television drama serials. This paper was meant to be an addition to this vast canvas of research through analysis of gender representation in the comedy dramas of Pakistan. According to West and Zimmerman’s theory of ‘doing gender’, gender is performed by the people in their everyday actions and interactions. Keeping in view the concept of doing gender this study analyzed roles of males and females and tried to find out how different characters maintain their gender identities in comedy dramas. Results suggested that the characters were, at many places, observed to be acting contrary to the roles associated to their genders by the society. They did or performed gender to maintain their identities.
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) and chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) crops are of significant importance regarding their nutritional and economic concerns. The yield of the produce is relatively low as compared to the other countries of the world due to pre and post-harvest losses caused by various biotic and abiotic limiting factors. Pythium and Phytophthora spp. are notorious fungal-like pathogenic oomycetes associated with damping off, seed rot and late blight diseases in chilli and tomato crops. Synthetic agrochemicals are extensively used to control these pathogens and can be toxic and can pollute the environment. Moreover, this method of disease control is not much effective due to the soil-borne nature and rapid multiplication ability of these pathogens. The present study was conducted to explore the antagonistic potential of naturally occurring rhizobacteria against these pathogens. For this purpose, an extensive survey was conducted during 2015 - 2016 cropping year in major tomato and chilli growing areas in various districts of Punjab province viz., Attock, Chakwal, Faisalabad, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Jhelum, Okara, Rawalpindi, and Sialkot. The survey revealed maximum disease incidence 45.5 % and 41.6 % from chilli fields in Okara and Sialkot districts respectively while from tomato fields, 40.1 % and 39.15 % disease incidence was recorded from Sialkot and Okara districts respectively. From Phytophthora spp. infected tomato fields, maximum disease incidence was recorded at 66.3 % and 55.6 % from Okara and Sialkot districts respectively. Rhizobacteria are rhizospheric beneficial agents which colonize plant roots, aid in disease suppression and plant growth enhancement. A total of 130 rhizobacterial isolates were recovered from soil. Out of the total, 10 isolates were found highly effective antagonists against Pythium and xxix Phytophthora spp. Based on their morphological, biochemical and molecular analysis these rhizobacterial isolates were identified as Pseudomonas koreensis, P. asaccharolticum, Serratia marcscens, S. marcscens, P. putida, P. putida, P. libanensis, P. aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis, B. megaterium, B. cereus, B. cereus and Burkholderia spp. All these rhizobacteria were compatible with each other and showed significant antibiotic resistance against Ampicillin and Penicillin G while B. subtilis showed resistance against all the tested antibiotics except Streptomycin and Rifampicin at highest concentration of 500 ppm. Rhizobacteria with high antagonistic potential viz., B. subtilis, B. cereus, P. putida and P. fluorescens were mass cultured on four (4) carrier materials viz, Sugarcane straw, wheat straw, wheat porridge and peat soil. All these rhizobacteria showed maximum viability on sugarcane baggas followed by wheat straw at 4 °C up to eighty (80) days. Seed treatment with rhizobacteria + sugarcane baggas (B. subtilis + SB) resulted into maximum seed germination (98 %), minimum seedling mortality (3.25 %) and improvement in plant growth characters viz, shoot and root length, fresh shoot weight, root weight and vigor index. Out of the ten (10) potential antagonists, nine (9) are first time reported against oomycetes from Pakistan that could be further tested for their antagonistic ability against other phytopathogens.