ارتداد کی سزا کا معاصرانہ تنقیدی مطالعہ

This is not hidden from anyone familiar with Islamic laws, that in Islam the punishment for every person who enters the realm of Islam voluntarily and then turns away from Islam and returns to disbelief, is capital punishment (death penalty). From the earliest days of Islam, all the Companions, Followers, and all Islamic Jurists have improved the same, but at the end of the nineteenth century, many people who hated Islam refused to accept the punishment imposed by Islam due to various doubts. They have also challenged its legitimacy. As a result, two types of views on apostasy emerged. Some other scholars, at the endof the twentieth century, came with a third view on the punishment of apostasy. They neither deny the punishment of apostasy in general nor do they believe in it as the majority of scholars do. Therefore, in this article, we will briefly discuss these three types of views and their arguments, so that truth and falsehood become clear and no doubt remains in this matter.

Molecular Characterization of Rare Genodermatoses in Pakistani Families.

Genodermatoses include a large group of inherited dermatological disorders that is often present with multisystem involvement resulting in various clinical manifestations due to genetic heterogeneity with pathogenic variations in more than 500 genes. Most genodermatoses occur early, during the neonatal period, infancy or early childhood, some conditions may appear later in life during adolescence or adulthood. Diagnosis of genodermatoses has been a major challenge and requires both clinical and investigational correlation to reach a diagnosis. Sometimes, even with comprehensive investigations, a definitive diagnosis cannot be achieved. With the arrival of new investigational. methods such as next generation sequencing, which not only successfully identified the molecular basis of many genodermatoses but also play important role in clinical use to help in the diagnosis of patients with suspected genodermatoses. In the current study, whole exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were used to investigate genetic defects of nine Pakistani families affected with pseudoxanthoma elasticum (Families: A and B) and epidermolysis bullosa (Families: C,D E,F,G,H,I). Whole exome sequencing identified a novel homozygous frameshift variant (c.1799_1805dupGTCTGGT; p. Thr603fs*11) in ABCC6 in family A, a compound heterozygous variant (c.2294G>A; p.Arg765Gln and c.2974G>A; p.Gly992Arg) in ABCC6 in family B, a single nucleotide insertion variant (c.151insG; p.Gln226fs*) in LAMA3 in family C, two novel missense variants c.1285G>T (p.Asp429Tyr) and c.3373G>A (p.Gly1125Ser) in ITGB4 in family D, a novel homozygous missense variant c.1828A>G (p.Arg610Gly) in PLEC in family E, a heterozygous missense variant c.6209G>A (p.Gly2070Glu) in COL7A1 in family F, a homozygous frameshift variant c.676dupC (p.Gln226fs) in FERMT1 in family G, a homozygous nonsense variant c. C1705T in LAMB3 in family H and a homozygous nonsense variant c.C1573T (p.R525X) in COL7A1 in family I. In conclusion, two families affected with pseudoxanthoma elasticum and seven families affected with epidermolysis bullosa were identified with novel variants in ABCC6, ITGB4, and PLEC1. It should be assistive in the genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis of the families as well as for the designing of improved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.