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Effect of male involvement on utilization of reproductive health services in Pakistan.

Thesis Info

Author

Fauzia Moghees

Supervisor

Naushin Mahmood

Department

Preston University,

Program

PhD

Institute

International Islamic University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2015

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

112

Subject

Preston University,

Language

English

Other

Phd. 362.105491 FAE

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676721494829

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بدلہ

بدلہ جنگی انصاف کی ایک قسم ہے جس کی جانب آدمی کی فطرت بہت زیادہ مائل ہے۔ اس قانون کو ختم کر دینا چاہیے ۔ وہ آدمی جو پہلے سے غلطی کرتا ہے وہ قانون کا مجرم ہوتا ہے لیکن دوسرا بندہ جو اس غلط کئے کا بدلہ لیتا ہے وہ قانون کو اپنے ہاتھ میں لے لیتا ہے۔ یقینا ایک آدمی بدلہ لینے سے برتر نہیں ہو جاتا۔ مگر جو بدلہ لینے سے باز رہتا ہے ، وہ عظیم ہوتا ہے کیونکہ معاف کر دینا شاہانہ و اعلٰی عمل ہے اور حضرت سلیمان علیہ السلام کہتے ہیں کہ برائی یا جرم کو نظر انداز کرنا آدمی کی عظمت ہے ۔ وہ جو ماضی میں گزر چکا ہے وہ واپس نہیں آسکتا لیکن عقل مند آدمیوں کے لیے حال اور مستقبل میں کرنے کے لیے بہت کچھ ہوتا ہے۔ اس لیے وہ ماضی کے گزرے ہوئے واقعات پر اپنی توانائیاں اور وقت کا ضیاع نہیں کرتے ۔ کوئی آدمی ایسا نہیں ہے جو غلط کام کی خاطر غلط کرے۔ لیکن یہاں پر وہ منافع خوشی ، عزت یا اسی طرح کی کوئی چیز حاصل کرتا ہے ۔ اس لیے مجھے اس آدمی سے ناراض نہیں ہونا چاہیے جو مجھ سے زیادہ اپنے آپ سے محبت کرتا ہے۔ اور اگر کوئی آدمی اپنی کینہ پرور خاصیت کی وجہ سے کچھ غلط کرتا ہے کیونکہ یہ اس کی خصلت ہے جیسا کہ کانٹا اور جنگلی بوٹی چبھتے ہیں یا خراش لگا دیتے ہیں اس لیے کہ اس کے علاوہ وہ کچھ کر نہیں ہے سکتے ۔ ان غلطیوں کے لیے بدلہ کی قابل معافی قسم ہے جس میں ممکنہ قانونی عمل موجود ہیں۔ لیکن پھر بھی آدمی کو بڑے غور و حوض سے بدلہ لینا چاہیے تا کہ کوئی قانون اسے سزا نہ دے سکے۔ اس کے علاوہ اس...

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Allam Muhammad Taseen and Syed Abul-ala-Maudoodi were two great scholars and thinkers of 20th century. They not only considered the economic problems but also suggested their solutions. Their view are held in high esteem by the scholarly community. In the following article, a comparative study of their views related to economy are being presented so that the world may get rid of the pros and cons of communism and capitalism. The Islamic economic system thus rises as the best and the most practical system in the world. Hereby the Muzaraat related reforms are our main focus

Bioaccumulation of Selected Toxic Heavy Metals Along Rivers of Malakand Division and River Kabul, Pakistan

Heavy metals are well-known environmental pollutants due to their serious toxicity, persistence in the environment and bioaccumulative nature. A variety of natural and anthropogenic sources are the main reason of their release into the environment. Contamination of freshwater ecosystems such as rivers with toxic heavy metals is an environmental problem of public health concern. Being persistent elements, heavy metals are accumulated in the environment and are the major cause to contaminate the food chains. Accumulation of potentially toxic heavy metals in freshwater fish causes a potential health threat to their consumers including humans. It is very important to assess and monitor the concentrations of potentially toxic heavy metals in riverine waters and sediments as well as in the resident biota. The present research work aimed to assess the bioaccumulation of four selected heavy metals i.e., Cr, Ni, Cd and Pb in freshwater fish, rice and tobacco along three rivers in Malakand Division and River Kabul, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The different aciddigested environmental samples were analyzed for specified heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cd and Pb) by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Potential risk to the health of the fish consumers was assessed in terms of estimated weekly intake (EWI) values of the heavy metals and compared with their respective provisional tolerable weekly intake (PTWI) values set by international organizations. Generally, metal concentrations in muscles of the fish from the studied rivers were comparable. Generally, clear trends could not be observed for metal concentrations at different sites of the rivers when going from upstream to downstream. Regarding metal accumulation in fish muscles, generally, inter-species differences were statistically not significant, most probably due to more variance within samples. Generally, metal concentrations were higher in metabolically active tissues such as gills and liver compared to skin and muscles. Based on the current study, consumption of the analyzed freshwater fish species from the rivers was generally safe in terms of potential risk from Cd and Pb but the observed Ni accumulation may pose a potential health risk to regular/excessive fish consumers. Thus, efforts should be made to minimize heavy metal contamination in these freshwater ecosystems in order to safeguard the aquatic fauna and the health of the fish consumers.