حکیم محمد اختر کا فروغ تصوف میں کردار

Sufism is the heart of Islam. It is attached with Islam as the human soul is woven within the body. Sufis have always been the center of Muslim society, especially; in the sub-continent, they have firmly imprinted their marks in every sphere of life. Various mystic traditions as Naqshbandi, Chishti, Qadri etc. Are commonly known in India and Pakistan. This study explores the great Sufi, Hakim Mohammad Akhtar, for his unprecedented services in the field of mystic practices, poetry and Islamic literature. In the initial part of the study, his family background and educational account have been described which show that not only he was a passionate follower of mystic legacy from an early age but a true stalwart of Islam. The historical account of Hakim Akhtar reveals that he was a staunch devotee of Molana Rome which resulted in the form of his famous book "Maarif-e-Masnawi". In the latter part of the study, his character and work are unveiled in a chronological order. As the follower of Sufi tradition, Hakim Akhtar was against personal glorification. Through this research study, some astonishing hidden aspects of his life have been discovered which will help his disciples and devotees to follow the path of their mentor perfectly.

Laser Cooling and Trapping of Cesium Atoms

In this thesis, the Pakistan‟s first ever magneto optical trap has been designed, developed and studied with cesium atoms in a vapor cell. Keeping the density of background cesium atoms fixed, the trap performance depends upon the magneto-optical operating parameters, i.e. the intensity and detuning of the trap laser and the gradient ⃗⃗ of the quadrupole magnetic field, since these parameters determine the radiative force ( ) acting upon the atoms. In the present work, the trap dynamics of the cesium MOT has been investigated as a function of trap laser intensity and magnetic field gradient ⃗⃗ , keeping the detuning of the trap laser fixed at an optimum value of . Assuming, that all cesium atoms of the background ( ) which enter the trapping region with velocities in the range will be trapped with a certainty of 1, it is possible to develop a model for the capture rate in terms of the capture velocity of cesium vapor cell magneto-optical trap. By experimentally measuring the capture rate as a function of trap laser intensity and magnetic field gradient ⃗⃗ and determining the capture velocity corresponding to the measured capture rate by using simulation graph, it is possible to investigate the intensity and magnetic field dependence of the capture velocity ⃗⃗ . In the present work, the capture dynamics of the magneto-optical trap has been fully investigated. Finally, the magneto-optical trap is suspected to be a stochastic dynamical system as well. Due to the random photon recoils ( ⃗ ) imparted to the atom, the radiative force has a fluctuating force superimposed upon the average force 〈 〉. As a consequence of this fluctuating force, the external and internal dynamics of the atoms become stochastic whose signatures can be found in the resonance fluorescence emitted by the trapped atoms. In the present work, by using the techniques of non-linear time-series analysis, the stochastic dynamics of atom-photon interaction in a magneto-optical trap has been investigated. In short, the conclusion of the thesis is that the magneto-optical trap promises to be an interesting non-linear quantum dynamical system.