اسلام میں عورت کے حق طلاق کی حیثیت ایک تحقیقی جائزہ

Of the several factors that justify the greatness of Islamic Culture and survived the test of time, one is the pride of place ascribed to woman in human society. Since the dawn of Islamic civilization, woman has been respected and cored and her rights have been protected and, thus, womanfolk has been made a purposeful existence. However, Islam, being a religion of nature, does not bring woman on the line of equality with man as the Islam is the religion of justice; not that of equality. The Holy Quran has very apparently determined the rights and duties of man and woman and these all are based on natural facts and laws as well. In the contemporary times, progressive as well as west-inspired circles of our society have put numerous objections on the issue of divorce. They opine that by giving man right to divorce, woman has been deprived of equal status; hence this one-sided right has not only disturbed the family life, but put woman at an interior place. This point of view does not testify to the very facts of Islamic practices in connection with the institution of divorce. In order to understand the historical background of the institution of divorce, laws and practices in vogue in two major religions of the world-Judaism and Christianity, are discussed in a brief manner. Besides, various reforms, from time and again, introduced in divorce in west are also touched upon in nutshell. However, major portion of this article focuses on Islamic teachings regarding divorce and its implications. Therefore, this research article attempts to highlight the various aspects of divorce in the light of Islamicteachings in a comprehensive manner so as to remove the doubts of so-called west-oriented circles of our society.

Pathogenesis and Transfer of Karnal Bunt Tilletia Indica Resistance in Bread Wheat Triticum Aestivum

Wheat is staple food of inhabitants of the Indian subcontinent and is grown all over the irrigated and rain fed areas of this region. This important crop is now under the threat of Karnal bunt disease caused by Tilletia indica; a fungus of basidiomycetes, that seriously affects the quality of the grains, by emitting fishy odour of tri-methylamine which makes the flour quality unacceptable for human consumption. Previously the disease was considered of minor importance and was prevalent in the areas of low temperature and high humidity only, but now it has got the status of emerging infectious quarantine disease in many parts of the world including Pakistan. Present studies were conducted to scrutinize the prevalence, infestation level of the infection and identification of genetic sources resistant to Tilletia indica pathogen. Studies were conducted in the wheat growing areas of the Southern Punjab that is under dry hot climate. Seven districts viz. Khanewal, Multan, Lodhran , Bahawalpur, Vehari, Bahawal Nagar and Rahim Yar Khan were selected to evaluate the disease as well as genotypes potential regarding the disease occurrence. During survey and monitoring of these localities forty nine hot spots of the karnal bunt disease were identified. Six high yielding commercial varieties were grown at these spots, out of which Punjnad-1 showed maximum capacity to resist the disease pressure followed by Inqilab-91. while Manthar -03 and Uqab- 2000.