جھوٹ کے نقصانات
نحمدہ ونصلی علی رسولہ الکریم امّا بعد فاعوذ بااللہ من الشیطن الرجیم
بسم اللہ الرحمن الرحیم
صاحبِ صدر اور میرے ہم مکتب ساتھیو!
آج مجھے جس موضوع پرلب کشائی کا موقع ملا ہے وہ ہے:’’جھوٹ کے نقصانات‘‘
معزز سامعین!
جہاں تک کذب بیانی کے نقصانات کا تعلق ہے تو وہ تو شمار سے باہر ہیں چند ایک ہوں تو انہیں احاطہ تحریر میں لایا جاسکتا ہے لیکن ان کی تعدا در یت کے ذرّوں اور سمندری پانی کے قطروں سے بھی زیادہ ہوتو پھر ان کی گنتی مشکل بھی ہے اور ناممکن بھی اس کا سب سے بڑا نقصان یہ ہے کہ جھوٹا انسان نہ صرف خود اپنے جھوٹ کی نجاست سے تن، من ، دھن کو ناپاک اور غلیظ کرتا ہے بلکہ اس کے جھوٹ کی غلاظت سے اٹھنے والی گھن محلے، معاشرے اور قوم کے خوشگوار ماحول کی پرفضارونق کو بھی مکدر کر دیتی ہے۔ وہ اپنا اعتماد کھو دیتا ہے، اپنی سماجی زندگی کا حلیہ( بگاڑ لیتا ہے ) احباب، اصدقا اور عزیز واقارب میں اس کی حیثیت مرد بیمار کی سی ہوجاتی ہے۔
صدرِذی وقار!
نبی کریمؐ نے ارشاد فرمایا ہے کہ مسلمان میں دیگر عیوب پیدا ہو سکتے ہیں لیکن سچا مسلمان کبھی جھوٹا نہیں ہوسکتا۔ آپؐ نے منافقین کی علامتوں میں سے ایک اہم علامت جھوٹ بتائی ہے، بلکہ ایک مقام پر یہ بھی ارشاد فرمایا گیا ہے کہ اگر کسی شخص کا جھوٹ ثابت ہو جائے تو پھر اس کی گواہی قبول نہیں ہوسکتی۔ یہ اس کے لیے ڈوب مرنے کا مقام ہے کہ ایک واقعہ اس کی آنکھوں کے سامنے ہور ہا ہے اور وہ بالکل عینی گواہ ہے لیکن جھوٹا ہونے کی بنیاد پر اس کی عینی گواہی بھی قابلِ قبول نہیں ہے۔
معزز حاضرین!
جھوٹے آدمی کی جہاں دنیا بر باد...
Embryology is such an academic discipline which was based upon the Qura’nic revelation purely and its details were provided by The Holy Prophet (SAW) whereas the scientists remained totally unaware of its intricate details until twentieth century. It was the time when they discovered various stages of the creation and development of fetus inside the mother’s womb and after examination of all these stages through various scientific instruments they openly admitted that Qura’nic verses about fetal development are absolutely accurate. Their acknowledgement is a strong evidence of the authenticity and veracity of The Holy Qura’n for scientific minded people. Not only this but these embryologists also admitted that the information provided in the Holy Qura’n and the A╒adith of The Holy Prophet (SAW) helped them a great deal in formulating the basic hypotheses of their research. So, these scientific discoveries are clear proofs of the miraculous character of Holy Qura’n. The current article is an effort to elaborate the link of modern embryology with the details given in the sacred literature of Islam.
This thesis deals with the phonology of Maḥbashi Yemeni Arabic (MYA).It is the first descriptive analysis of the phonology of MYA. It provides a normative analysis data for the syllable based processes of MYA demonstrating that the dialect under investigation have similar but not identical phonological environments of the syllable based processes: syncope, epenthesis and vowel shortening. The analysis is presented in terms of Optimality Theory (Prince & Smolensky ,1993). As for the methodology and data collection, the researcher made use of data collected from a set of people who are native speakers of Mahbashi Arabic. The researcher recorded their conversations taking place in official, social, cultural, religious and domestic contexts. The recorded data covered different types of words:monosyllabic, disyllabic, tri-syllabic and quadri-syllabic. The findings confirm that MYA shares some the syllable structures with Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and it differs in other syllable structures. By closely examining a wide range of data, the study proved that MYA exhibits ten syllable structures; CV, CVC, CVV, CVVC, CCV, CCVV, CCVCC, CCVC, CVCC and CCVVC. As far as syllable structure of consonant cluster is concerned, the faithfulness constraints MAX-IO>DEP prevails over the markedness constraints *σ[CC, *CC]σ . The syllable related processes:syncope, epenthesis and vowel shortening were examined through the interaction of different constraints. As far syncope is concerned, the study proves that the constraint i,u]σ is active in MYA and is ranked high in the constraint hierarchy.The study accounted for epenthesis and asserted that the constraints * σ [CCC is active in MYA. The study has shown that vowel epenthesis is governed by the relative ranking of the CONTIGUITY family constraints; D-CONTIG and J-CONTIG where D-CONTIG dominates J-CONTIG in MYA. With regard to vowel shortening, the study revealed that the constraints *3 μ and MAX IO (μ) were in conflict. therefore, opacity constraint and lexical phonology and morphology (LPM) were able to account for vowel shortening when the long vowel of the verb is suffixed by either a subject or an object morpheme. This thesis concludes that OT provides the means to effectively account for the syllable structure and its processes in MYA. The study shows that the superiority of OT was evidenced in solving and providing the reasons for the occurrence of these processes rather than merely stating the rules in a rule-based theory fashion. This has been proved and indicated in the universality of the constraints and is reflected in the dialect specific ranking of the constraints.