سر چارلس لایل
ماہ گزشتہ میں انگلستان کے ایک مشہور متشرق سر چارلس لایل کی وفات ہوئی موصوف مدت تک ہندوستان میں ممتاز ملکی مناصب پر مامور رہے تھے، ۱۸۹۸ء میں چیف کمشنر صوبہ متوسط کے مرتبہ سے پنشن پائی اور اس کے بعد بارہ برس تک انڈیا آفس میں کام کرتے رہے، مسلمانوں کے علوم و السنہ، خصوصاً فارسی، عربی اور اردو کے وہ ایک مستند عالم خیال کئے جاتے تھے اور شعراء عرب کے متعدد دواوین ان کے تحشیہ و مقدمہ کے ساتھ شائع ہوئے، وہ برٹش اکاڈیمی کے فیلو تھے اور ایڈنبرا، آکسفورڈ، اسٹراسبرگ، مختلف یونیورسٹیوں سے ال۔ال۔ڈی، پی۔ایچ۔ ڈی، ڈی۔لٹ وغیرہ کی اعزازی ڈگریاں رکھتے تھے، انسائیکلوپیڈیا برٹانیکا کے آخری ایڈیشن میں ہندوستانی (اردو) لٹریچر پر مضمون انہی کے قلم سے تھا، ان کی عمر ۷۵ سال کی تھی۔ (اکتوبر ۱۹۲۰ء)
This study aims to find out: (1) students’ perceptions toward bilingual education in ICP (International Class Program) toward the use of two languages of instructions (English and Indonesian) by the lecturer in classroom. (2) to investigate its benefit for students in ICP chemistry education. The researcher adopted a descriptive qualitative research with a case study method. To gain the data, the researcher employed questionnaire with the students. The subjects in this study were 24 of students sixth semester belong to the International Class Program (ICP) chemistry education in State University of Makassar. The results of this study showed that there were the bilingual education helps the students to gain control their English skill. It showed that students’ positive perceptions toward the use of bilingual language as language instruction in the classroom by the lecturer. It is concluded that teaching chemistry in English facilitates the learners’ attempt in learning English.
Raman spectroscopy proved itself a non-destructive technique which is being used extensively for the characterization of biomedical media for disease diagnosis. It is based on the inelastic scattering of light. It provides the information about the vibrational modes of a molecule. A Raman spectrum of a biological media contains the molecular fingerprints which are the intrinsic characteristics of molecules. This information can be utilized to train various statistical models that as a result become a powerful tool for the characterization, diagnosis and discrimination in a variety of ways. In this thesis, the outcomes of three studies based on the Raman spectra of body fluids have been presented. First of all, a study was conducted to choose an optimal substrate to be used for acquisition of Raman spectra of body fluids. Aluminum was selected as the most suitable substrate for recording Raman spectra of human blood and sera samples. In first study, blood samples of healthy and breast cancer (BRC) female subjects were used to analyse the molecular variations caused by BRC. Partial least squares (PLS) regression based model was developed, which highlighted the bio-molecular variations found between both groups. Among these molecules lycopene, phosphatidylserine, qunoid ring, calcium oxalate and calcium hydroxyapatite were found positively correlated while tryptophan, proline, valine, glycogen and tyrosine were negatively correlated with BRC. In second study, human blood sera samples were analysed for the molecular variations due the presence of antigen at an early stage of dengue virus (DENV) infection. It was found that level of cytokines and DNA rises, while the level of proteins with alpha and beta conformations along with lectins lowers in the sera due to DENV infection at an early stage. In third study, human blood sera samples were analysed for the screening of hepatitis C infection. Hepatitis C infected sera were tested for the presence of antibodies by ELISA. Analysis of regression coefficients revealed that trehalose, chitin, ammonia and cytokines are positively correlated with the hepatitis C while lipids, beta structures of proteins and carbohydrate binding proteins like MBL are negatively correlated with hepatitis C.