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Enforcement of intellectual property rights in Pakistan/

Thesis Info

Author

Muhammad Abrar

Supervisor

Hafiz Aziz-ur-Rehman

Department

Department of Law

Institute

International Islamic University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2006

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

128

Subject

Law

Language

English

Other

Available at Dr Hamidullah Library,Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University, Pakistan at LLM 346.54048 MUE

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676721550785

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عقل مندی دی گل

عقل مندی دی گل

پرانے وقتاں دی گل اے کہ اک ملک اتے اک بڈھا بادشاہ حکمران سی۔ اوس دا اکو اک پتر سی جو بہتا لائق نہ سی۔ بادشاہ دے اک وزیر دے پتر دی بادشاہ دے پتر نال بہت گہری دوستی سی۔ دونویں اک دوجے نال بہت محبت کردے سن۔ بادشاہ پریشان سی کہ اوہدے مرن توں بعد بادشاہ وزیر دا پتر بن جاوے گا کیوں جے اوہ زیادہ ہوشیار تے عقل مند اے۔ بادشاہ نے ایہناں نوں اک دوجے توں وکھ کرن دا منصوبہ بنایا۔ ایہہ کم کروان لئی اوس اک چالاک عورت نوں سدیا تے آکھیا اوہ اپنی چالاکی نال دونواں نوں اک دوجے توں وکھ کر دیوے۔ اوس عورت نے حامی بھر لئی تے اوتھوں چلے گئی۔

اگلے دن پروگرام دے مطابق اوس عورت نے وزیر دے منڈے نال محل توں باہر کھڑے ہو کے گلاں شروع کر دتیاں۔ دربار وچ آون والا ہر بندہ اوہناں نوں گلاں کر دے ویکھ رہیا سی۔ بادشاہ دے پتر نے وی اوہناں نوں گلاں کردے ویکھیا۔ اوس عورت نے کوئی وی چنگی گل اوس نال نئیں کیتی صرف بادشاہ دے پتر دے دل وچ نفرت پیدا کرن لئی اوہدے کول کھلوتی رہی۔ جدوں اوہ چلے گئی تے بادشاہ دے پتر نے اوس نوں بلا کے ہوون والیاں گلاں بارے پچھیا۔ اوس جواب دتا کہ کوئی گل تیرے بارے نئیں ہوئی۔ پر اوہنوں ایس اتے غصہ بہت سی تے بادشاہ نے اوہنوں قتل کرن دا حکم جاری کر دتا۔ فوجی جدوں اوہنوں قتل کرن لے کے جا رہے سن۔ اوس ویلے بادشاہ دا پتر وی آ گیا۔ پر اوہ اپنے باپ دے حکم دے سامنے بے بس سی۔ سپاہی اوس نوں پھڑ کے لے جا رہے سن کہ اوہنے سپاہیاں نوں آکھیا کہ بادشاہ نوں اصل حقیقت داپتہ نئیں۔ جدوں...

A Study of Pakistan’s Various Reform Policies Regarding Islamic Seminaries

ABSTRACT: Pakistan is an Islamic country based on Islamic ideology where society has an emotional attachment with religion, hence an expanded network of Dini Modaris [traditional institutions of Islamic learning] is prevailing in urban as well as in rural areas of the country; where the teaching- learning process remains continue in a traditional way. While on other hand, at the same time, modern education system is followed by government and non-government run institutions. These two different systems with different ideologies and pedagogical techniques have produced two different social classes with different world views about the way Pakistan should be managed. This situation of education system is worrying. In an Islamic welfare state, ideally speaking, serious efforts are required to be done in order to eliminate the gulf between the two systems entirely having antagonistic approaches. In such perspective, this paper is aimed to study the efforts and practical steps, taken for the reforms and development of Dini Modaris by various governments of Pakistan as per their policies.

Utilization of Industrial Waste Cheese Whey for the Biosynthesis of Β-Galactosidase

The dairy industry is associated with the production of contaminated waste water. The whey disposal remains a serious pollution problem for dairy industry, particularly in developing countries. Direct disposal of whey in the environment creates serious pollution problems, it destroys the physical and chemical structure of soil which decreases the crops yield and if discarded in water bodies, it reduces the aquatic life. The best solution to this environmental problem is the enzymatic hydrolysis of whey by using β-galactosidase which catalyses the hydrolysis of lactose (main constituent of whey) into its basic monomers, glucose and galactose. β-galactosidase can be obtained from different sources like plants, animals and microorganisms whereas bacterial β-galactosidase is generally regarded as safe. The basic aim of present research is to investigate the utilization of dairy industrial waste (cheese whey) as a substrate for the biosynthesis of β-galactosidase to convert environmental waste into useful biomaterial from a noval β-galactosidase producing bacterial isolate from Antarctica. Two hundred and thirty five isolates were obtained from five samples (ice, water and microbial mats) collected from different sites of Antarctica and screened for their ability to produce β-galactosidase by using X-gal. A total of 61 bacterial isolates which turned blue on X-gal were then cultured in R2 medium and Marine medium aseptically at 10˚C for one month. The most potent bacterial isolates were identified using a polyphasic taxonomical approach. Cells were found strictly aerobic, Gram negative, rod shaped, motile and formed creamy white, half transparent colonies. Growth occurred at 4°C to 28°C with an optimum at 20°C, with 0 – 5.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum at 0 - 1.0 %) and at pH 4.0 – 11.0 (optimum at pH 7.0 - 9.0). The major fatty acid was C18:1 ω7c. Respiratory quinone was ubiquinone 10 (Q-10). The DNA G+C content was 60.7 %. The polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylmethanolamine in addition to three unidentified lipids, one unknown glycolipid, and five unidentified phospholipids. Comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed highest sequence similarity (98.1 %) to Pararhizobium giardinii H152T, P. herbae CCBAU 83011T, and “P. polonicum” F5.1T. In silico average nucleotide identity (ANI) and genome-to-genome distance calculator (GGDC) showed 81.1 % identity (ANI) and 22.6 % identity (GGDC) to the closest relative, “P. polonicum” F5.1T. On the basis of phenotypic, phylogenetic, genomic and chemotaxonomic data, the two strains xii represent a novel species of the genus Pararhizobium, for which the name Pararhizobium antarcticum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NAQVI 59T LSRP00000000 (=DSMZ 103442T = LMG29675T). Strains NAQVI-58 and NAQVI-59T showed the highest enzyme production (0.21 U/ml) for strain NAQVI-58 and (0.33 U/ml) for strain NAQVI-59 with cheese whey as a substrate at pH (7), 28 ˚C and after 48 hours of incubation respectively. In this study, a new Pararhizobium sp. is discovered by using dairy industrial waste cheese whey as a substrate which is further used for the production of β-galactosidase.