فلسفہ تعزیرات
وہ جرائم جو ہر انسانی معاشرے میں نہیں ہوتے بلکہ کسی معاشرے میں ہوتے ہیں اور کسی میں نہیں ہوتے۔ ان جرائم کی روک تھام اور سزاؤں کے حوالے سے شریعت مطہرہ نے بنیادی اصول وضع کردیے ہیں۔ ان بنیادی اصولوں کو مدِ نظر رکھتے ہوئے اس دور ، اس علاقے کے ارباب حل وعقد اور اولی الامر جو مناسب سزا مقرر کرنا چاہیں ، مقررکرسکتے ہیں ۔ نیز ان جرائم پر دین ، جان ، عقل ، نسل اور مال کی حفاظت کابھی انحصار نہیں۔ تعزیر کی سزا کے تقرر کے اصول مندرجہ ذیل ہیں:
1. سب سے پہلا اصول یہ ہے کہ اس سزا کا بنیادی مقصد امت مسلمہ اور عوام کے جان و مال کا تحفظ ہو ، محض کسی ایک گروہ یا کسی ایک فرد کے مفاد کی حفاظت نہ ہو۔
2. دوسر ا اصول یہ ہے کہ وہ مصالح جن کو شریعت نے تسلیم کیا ہے اور جو شریعت میں قابل قبول ہیں ، ان میں سے کسی مقصد کا تحفظ اس سزا سے پورا ہوتا ہو ۔
3. تیسرا اصول یہ ہے کہ اس سزا کے نتیجے میں اس برائی کے کم ہونے کا امکان ہو، زیادہ پھیلنے کا اندیشہ نہ ہو ۔ سزا دینااصل میں ایک آپریشن کرنا ہے۔ بعض بیماریاں آپریشن سے ختم ہوجاتی ہیں اور بعض آپر یشن سے پھیل بھی سکتی ہیں ۔ اب یہ ڈاکٹر کا فرض ہے کہ آپریشن کرنے سے پہلے وہ اطمینان کرے کہ یہ بیماری آپریشن کرنے سے پھیل تو نہیں جائے گی ۔ اسی طرح سزا دینے سے پہلے حاکم یاجج کو دیکھنا چاہیے کہ اس سزا کے نتیجے میں برائی ختم ہوجائے گی یا مزید بڑھے گی۔
4. چوتھا اصول یہ ہے کہ جرم اور سزا کے درمیان تناسب ہو ۔ یہ نہ ہو کہ...
Background of the Study: To assess the functional outcome among patients with arthroscopic ACL reconstruction with endo-button at Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital post 6 months.
Methodology: A single centered survey was conducted on 67 patients with arthroscopic AC Ligament reconstruction using Hamstring auto-graft (Semitendinosus-Gracilis tendons) after 6 months and evaluated for functional outcome. The data was collected from Ghurki Trust Teaching Hospital. The sampling procedure utilized was non-probability sampling. Functional outcome was assessed using subjective form of IKDC score. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 23.
Results: Out of 67 patients, all were male. The pre-operative subjective IKDC scoring was less than 30 and post-operative mean IKDC scoring is 73.92. On the basis of findings of study, significant improvement was observed after ACL reconstruction post 6 months.
Conclusion: ACL reconstruction shows significant improvement in knee function and significant recovery of preoperative functional status.
The purpose of the present work was to develop high strength ZrO2 based composites with the use of Al2O3 whiskers as reinforcement, which could be able to meet the modern needs of load bearing structural and biomedical materials. For this purpose, 3mol% Y2O3 doped tetragonal (TZ-3Y) was used as the matrix material. The alumina whiskers were formed in situ during calcination and sintering from Aluminum Ammonium Carbonate Hydroxide (AACH) whiskers, which were in turn produced by hydrothermal synthesis technique using urea and aluminum nitrate as precursor materials. It was found that the morphology of AACH structures was dependent on the urea content forming urchin like structures at lower urea concentration, which transformed into whiskers as the urea content was increased. After the preparation of alumina whisker reinforcement, the second most important study was the optimization of alumina whisker content in the Al2O3(w)-TZ-3Y composites to achieve best mechanical properties. With increasing the whisker concentration, the hardness increased up to 10 wt% addition and then decreased. It was because the higher concentrations of whiskers resisted particle rearrangement resulting in introduction of porosity in sintered products. Consequently, 10wt% alumina whisker content was taken as optimum. To improve the uniform distribution of alumina whiskers in the matrix further, deflocculants were also employed and their optimized concentrations were determined. 1.0 wt% cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) gave the best results as a dispersant. Optimization of sintering temperature was also very important. It was observed that 1400oC was a too low temperature for complete sintering process and resulted in poor mechanical properties of the sintered product, which were attributed to incomplete removal of porosity. On the other hand, temperatures higher than 1500oC were too high. At 1650oC, the whiskers were diffused and formed alumina rich grains losing their whisker-like morphology. However, the best mechanical properties were observed for the sample sintered at 1500oC, which was decided as the optimized sintering temperature for Al2O3(w)-TZ- 3Y composite. Effect of sintering temperature on low temperature phase stability of the composite was also studied. Higher sintering temperature was useful for the hydrothermal stability of tetragonal phase in whisker-reinforced composites, although such sintering temperatures were deleterious for tetragonal phase stability in monolithic TZ-3Y. A composition 10 wt% Al2O3(w)-TZ-3Y with 1wt% CTAB, sintered at 1500oC was concluded as the best composite having better reinforcement dispersion, high density, excellent mechanical properties and improved hydrothermal stability of tetragonal phase. Furthermore, to investigate the possibility of using the aforementioned optimized composite as bioactive material, its biocompatibility was improved by incorporating the Hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles, synthesized through precipitation technique, into the composites. It was observed, that although the increase in the HAp content resulted in improving the biocompatibility but it was deleterious for mechanical properties of the composite. The optimized sintering temperature was also lowered due to decomposition of HAp at higher temperatures. Consequently, a composite with 30wt% HAp sintered at 1400oC was assessed as the optimized composition for bio- composite applications.