اسلام كے فوجداری نظام كا ضابطہ قسامت

e Qasama Doctrine of Islamic Criminal Law The mashroom-growth like blind murder cases, have, now a days confused and perplexed the law-enforcing agencies the reason is that such murder-cases are taken in hand and tried to be dealt with the common criminal procedures The criminal in such a case leaving no clue thereto succeed in detracting the police. As a result the FIR is lodged against an anonymous 'accused' afterwards and the case is filed because of the non-availability of required proof. Contrary to the above Islam introduces the procedure cf Qasama _ which literally means administring an oath which in juristic terminology applied to a way and process where some persons are held responsible in a blind murder for an oath in words, that; By Allah! Neither they have committed the murder nor they noticed the culprit. In case of refusal they are adjudicated for Qisasand for the payent of Diyat in vice versa. Historically Qasama procedure is traced back to pre-lslamic tribal-law which were then, afterwards modified and re-enforced by the Prophet (SAW) and his Khulafa. With the exception of some minor juristic controversies regarding the structure and framework of Qasama procedure multitude of muslim jurists hold it a valid way for the adjudication of a blind-murder. It is with all regrets that-lslamic Ideological council ( HC) despite its introduction .

Systematic Study of the Helminth Parasites of Birds Family Sturnidae in District Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan

Birds are the terrestrial / arboreal / aerial and aquatic vertebrates that share their life with human beings. The peculiarity of bird travelling in a few hours across the national and international lines is quite astonishing for a man. As a whole, billions of the birds travel between continents twice a year in only a few weeks’ time. Birds are the source of dissemination of parasites, causing fatal diseases as they harbor both micro as well as macro parasites and have also been reported to be infected with numerous pathogens. Helminths are eukaryotic that live and forage within the living host, receiving nourishment and shelter while disrupting the physiological and ecological aspects which ultimately affects the health of host. So for the taxonomic values are concerned, helminthes have been grouped into: cestodes (tapeworm), trematodes (flukes), nematodes (roundworm) and acanthocephalan (thorny headed- worm). The name Sturnidae comes from the Latin word for Starling, Sturnus. Many Asian species, particularly the larger ones, are locally called as mynas and many African species are known as glossy starlings because of their iridescent plumage. Starlings are native to many different continents as well as countries which includes; Europe, Asia, Africa, Northern Australia and Islands of tropical Pacific. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country, and they eat insects and fruits. Several species live around human habitation and are effectively omnivores. They act as host of various parasites such as; nematodes, trematodes, cestodes and acanthocephalan. During the present studies on the helminth parasites of Family Sturnidae of District Larkana, a total of 240 hosts were examined. Present studies reflect some new helminths in addition to the already reported from the different host species of Family Sturnidae. It was found that the prevalence of the nematodes (46.45 %) was highest followed by trematodes (37.67 %) and cestodes (15.58 %) respectively. The minimum prevalence (0.28 %) was found for the acanthocephalan. Among the helminths only 29 species have been identified viz: 09 species of nematodes, 10 species of trematodes, 09 species of cestodes and 01 species of acanthocephalan are reported.