تصوف کی حقیقت اور اس پرہونے والے چند اعتراضات کاعلمی جائزہ

Mysticism is the practice of religious ecstasies, together with whatever ideologies, ethics, rights, legends, and magic may be related to them. It may also refer to the attainment of insight in ultimate or hidden truth, and to human transformation supported by various practices and experiences. Sufism also known as Tasawwuf variously defined as Islamic mysticism. The inward dimension of Islam is mysticism in Islam characterized by particular values, ritual practices, doctrines and institutions which began very early in Islamic history and represents "the main manifestation and the most important and central crystallization of mystical practice in Islam. Practitioners of Sufism have been referred to as "Sufis". Sufis have been characterized by their asceticism, especially by their attachment to dhikr, the practice of remembrance of god, often performed after prayers. This article describes of the reality and fact of mysticism, its verbal and literal meanings, and its historical background and also describes its regional division and causes of Tasawwuf. It also analyses of the objections and its answers of which occurred on it.

Molecular Diagnosis and Phylogeny of Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Ibdv in Chicken During Field Outbreaks in District Chakwal, Pakistan

Poultry diseases are a matter of serious concern and responsible for extremely large profit making crisis in poultry industry per anum. Outbreaks of infectious bursal disease (IBD) are continuously increasing despite vaccination in commercial broilers. The strains of IBDV currently circulating in Chakwal district broiler flocks are not known. Clinicopathologic analysis and reverse transcriptase PCR were used in 18 poultry farms which were situated in district Chakwal to confirm field outbreaks of IBD. The genetic analysis of the hypervariable part of the?VP2?gene was utilized to describe different features of total 6 isolates of these outbreaks. Arrangement of nucleotides, infer amino acid sequences through phylogenetic analysis of VP2 gene containing hypervariable part were used for dividing IBDV strains into two groups. According to phylogenetic analysis, 5 IBDV strains showed special signatures of amino acid in the VP2 gene as A222, I242, I256, I294, S299 and classified as vvIBDV.They showed 97%?99% identity at the nucleotide level. Furthermore, the sequencing analysis of detected field strains revealed the high similarity and close clustering with vvIBDV strains isolated from India, Pakistan, and China, suggesting geographic and temporal relationships among these strains. Interestingly, one IBDV strain clustered togather with vaccinal IBDV strains and representing 99% sequence likeness with vaccine strains which were dissipated, suggesting possible role of attenuated vaccines in the outbreaks of IBD. Our study revealed circulation of vvIBDV strains in Chakwal broiler flocks and these evidences emphasize the need of further detailed and more systemic approaches to evaluate IBDV diffusion and characterization to design effective control strategies.