یہودی روحانیت کے ابتدائی مظاہر
باب ہشتم کے اہم نکات
- یہودی روحانیت کا تعارف۔
- حزقی ایل کے روحانی تجربات۔
- مرکبہ یہودیت کا فروغ۔
- حسیدی اشکناز کا تعارف۔
- تخلیق کائنات کا بیان۔
- صفر یتزیرا، بہیر اور زوہر کا بیان۔
- قبالہ، اس کی ذیلی تحریکیں اور حسیدیت کا تعارف۔
روحانیت، باطنیت، سریت یا تصوف کی اصطلاحیں عموماً ایک ایسے مخفی نظام کو بیان کرنے کے لیے استعمال کی جاتی ہیں جو مادی دنیا سے مختلف ہوتے ہوئے بھی اپنا تعلق اس سے جوڑے رکھتا ہے۔ یہودیت کا روحانی نظام بھی کم و بیش انہیں صفات کا حامل ہے۔ خدا سے تعلق، تخلیقِ کائنات پر گفتگو اور مقدس کتب کے روحانی معانی کی تلاش ایک یہودی صوفی کا نصب العین ہے۔ یہودیت کے روحانی ادوار کو زمانی اعتبار سے چار حصوں میں تقسیم کیا جا سکتا ہے:
- بائیبل کا دور جس میں روحانی نظریات اور تحریکیں تو دکھائی نہیں دیتیں لیکن اس دور کے مذہبی تجربات نے بعد میں آنے والے صوفیا کو روحانیت سے روشناس کروایا۔
- ہیکل کی دوسری تباہی کا دور جس میں ایسے روحانی نظریات وجود پانے لگے تھے جن کی بنیاد مذہب پر رکھنے کی کوشش کی جا رہی تھی۔
- قبالہ کا دور جس میں منظم انداز میں روحانی تعلیمات کو بحیثیتِ مجموعی بیان کیا جا رہا تھا۔
- حسیدی دور جس میں روحانیت سے نئے مذہبی محسوسات نے جنم لیا۔[1]
یہودی روحانیت میں زیادہ تر مذہبی تجربات کی کوئی عقلی توجیہ پیش کرنے کی ضرورت نہیں سمجھی جاتی کیونکہ یہ خیال کیا جاتا ہے کہ ان تجربات تک عقل کی رسائی ممکن نہیں ہے۔ اس کا یہ مطلب بھی نہیں ہے کہ یہ تجربات...
All mighty Allah (SWT) has created man and made him crown of the nature. For the physical needs of human being, Allah provided him all the needful things. In the same way, Allah (SWT) sent his prophets for the spiritual guidance of mankind. Prophet Muhammad (SAW) was the last messenger of this chain of the prophets. The Prophet hood of Muhammad (SAW) was for the whole of the mankind, for all the people till the day of judgment. Because Allah (SWT) called him the “Seal of the prophets”. And it the gift of Allah to whom he wants to give, he gives. Nobody can achieve this (prophet hood) by its struggle. All the prophets of Allah (SWT) were given instructions through revelation. Some people, who were unable to accept Islam, would make jokes of the teachings of the Prophet (SAW), but he continued his mission and the world witnessed a day when Islam spread all over the world. Some non-Muslims, specially the orientalists, tried to pin point some aspects of the life of the Holy Prophets (in their thinking) but as Allah (SWT) said: And we raised high your name. (Al-Quran: 94: 4) Lesley Hazelton is one of those orientalists. She wrote many books about Islam. Her famous book is “The First Muslim-The Story of Muhammad” in which she has targeted many aspects of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (SAW). This article discusses her views about the Prophet hood, Revelation and the Miracles of the Holy Prophet (SAW). It is out of the human mind to understand the reality of the Prophet hood and revelation. It is the gift of Allah to whom he wants, He gives prophet hood. The family, fame, wealth and physical strength cannot be the reasons for the achievement of Prophet hood. The human mind cannot grab the reality of the revelation.
Metal Nanowires (MNWs) are promising as a kind of novel conducting materials for next generation of nanodevices for space applications either in form of interconnecting conducting nanowires to integrate nanodevices or for Transparent Electrodes (TEs) for solar cells. In this work, ions irradiation induced damage study of MNWs e.g., (Ag, Cu) at different energies, doses and ions species is presented. After irradiation, samples are characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results of irradiated samples are then compared with un-irradiated samples. Finally, a database of effects of ions irradiation on MNWs is made. This database will be useful for future design of MNWs based devices to be used under harsh conditions such as upper space. Mechanism of damage creation in MNWs by ions irradiation is explained by collision cascade effect and thermal spike model. Moreover, MeV proton and argon beam irradiation-induced nanowelding technique to fabricate X-, Y-, II- and T-shaped molecular junctions between Ag-NWs is presented. These nanowires are irradiated by 2.5MeV protons at a dose of 5x1015ions/cm2 and 3.5 MeV argons at dose of 5x1016 at room temperature. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) results reveal that nano-welding of Ag-NWs is achieved with stable crystal structure. Thereafter, a random two-dimensional large scale network of Ag-NWs is fabricated by 3 MeV proton ion beam irradiation induced welding of Ag-NWs at intersecting positions. Proton ion beam induced network fabrication on large scale is confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It is observed that at a beam fluence of 1x1015ions/cm2, perfect X-, II-, and V-shape molecular junctions between Ag-NWs are achieved and ultimately lead to an optimum welded network without distorting the morphology of nanowires. Structure of Ag-NWs remains stable under proton ion beam and networks are optically transparent. The results exhibit that the formation of Ag-NWs network proceed through three steps: ion beam induced thermal spikes lead to local heating of Ag-NWs, formation of simple junctions on small scale, and the formation of large scale network. Furthermore, an important consideration for space applications is that the material should be as radiation hard as possible in order for it to reliably operate for extended periods. Therefore, total dose radiation tolerance of Ag-NWs under proton environment is investigated. Ag-NWs are irradiated with 5 MeV proton ions at different doses ranging from 5x1015 to 8x1016 protons/cm2 and their effect on morphology and structure is studied. It is observed that Ag-NWs remain stable under proton beam irradiation at high doses. In addition, “amorphous Ag-NW have been fabricated from crystalline Ag-NWs using 5 MeV helium (He+) ions beam irradiation. At low beam fluence (5x1015 ion/cm2), few defects are created in Ag-NW with increase in density while increasing He+ ions beam. As dose increases, more damage of the crystalline structure of Ag-NWs is observed. Finally at high dose (5x1016 ions/cm2), the face-centered cubic (FCC) structure of Ag- NWs is transformed into amorphous structure with similar morphology as un-irradiated Ag-NWs. Phase transformation of crystalline Ag-NWs upon irradiation with 5 MeV He+ ions is observed through high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM).” Besides, the effect of g-irradiations on the structural and morphological properties of copper nanowires (Cu-NWs) within the g fluencies varying from 6 to 25 kGy are also studied. At 9 kGy, the Cu-NWs start to join, forming perfect X-, V-, II-, and Y-shaped molecular junctions. Further increasing the g fluence up to 15 kGy cause the Cu-NWs to fuse and form larger diameter NWs. At the highest fluence of 25 kGy, Cu-NWs converted into a continuous Cu thin film. However, x-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that the structure of the Cu-NWs remains stable even after converting into a thin film. The formation of cuprite (CuO) phases is observed at higher fluencies. The mechanism of forming welded networks of Cu-NWs and Cu thin films is explained via the thermal spike model.