پروفیسر انامری شمل
پروفیسر انامری شمل کی وفات علمی دنیا کا بڑا سانحہ ہے، ۲۷؍ جنوری کو اپنے گھر میں گرجانے کی وجہ سے ان کی وفات ہوگئی، وہ اس عہد کے ممتاز مستشرق تھیں، یورپ کی متعدد زبانوں کے علاوہ اردو، فارسی، عربی اور ترکی کی بھی ماہر تھیں، عربی میں ایک رسالہ بھی نکالا تھا اور قریباً ۵۰ کتابیں لکھیں۔
انہوں نے اپنی تمام عمر تحقیق اور علمی کاموں کے لیے وقف کردی تھی، مشرقی اور اسلامی علوم پر ان کی اچھی نظر تھی، ہندوستان کئی بار تشریف لائیں اور یہاں کے اصحاب علم و ذوق کو ان سے استفادے کا موقع ملا، اورینٹل اسٹڈیز میں انہوں نے جہاں مختلف مشرقی زبانوں پر کام کیا تھا وہاں اردو، غالب اور اقبال بھی ان کے مرکز توجہ رہے، ان کی وفات سے مشرقی زبانوں اور اردو کا بڑا نقصان ہوا، اس خلاَ کا پُر ہونا مشکل ہے۔
(ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، مارچ ۲۰۰۳ء)
This article exposes Updike’s use of the Qur’anic verses in his novel Terrorist. Apparently, the writer wants to investigate a Muslim terrorist’s mind, which causes him to launch deadly attacks against the American people. However, the results of Updike’s investigation are problematic and subjective. Updike seems to be a new Orientalist who manipulates the Qur’anic scripture to assert his mastery, neutrality and intolerance of Islam for non-believers. It proves that his presentation of Islam is based on stereotyped myths and lies. The narrator claims that the protagonist “Ahmad”, under the guidance of his religious teacher Sheikh Ahmed, inspired by the irrational and suppressed tone of the Qur’an, commits a suicide attack at Lincoln Tunnel but in the end, he is persuaded by his Jewish- school- councilor to discard this idea. Conclusively, it sounds that Updike fails to detach himself from his characters and misuses the Qur’anic verses to defend his pre-supposed ideology against Islam.
The mechanism of the Zn(II) catalyzed oxidation of benzylic alcohol to benzaldehyde, ester and amide by three different oxidants (H2O2, TBHP, and CH3OOH) is investigated through density functional theory methods and compared with the similar oxidation mechanisms of other late transition metals. Inner sphere, intermediate sphere and outer sphere mechanisms have been analyzed. The effect of pyridine-2- carboxylic acid (ligand) and halides (Br2 and I2) is studied for benzaldehyde and ester formation reactions. Two new reactions are predicted such as oxidation of thiol to thioester and oxidation of benzylamine to benzaldimine and guanidine. The same set of calculations is repeated for newly predicted reactions as were performed for ester and amide formations. The inner sphere mechanism involving β-hydride elimination is found kinetically more demanding in all oxidation reactions. Ligand showed profound effect on rate of the reaction. In the presence of a ligand, intermediate sphere mechanism is found more plausible because of steric effect. In the absence of a ligand, the outer sphere mechanism is found more favorable. Mechanism of Zn(OTf)2 catalyzed hydroamination-hydrogenation of alkynes with amines is investigated through density functional theory methods. Both inner sphere and outer sphere mechanisms for nucleophilic attack of nitrogen on electrophilic alkyne centre to deliver imine have been investigated for the hydroamination reaction. Four different possibilities of hydrogen activation for the hydrogenation of imine to deliver amine have also been studied. These competitive reactions differ regarding the fate of proton and hydride generated from heterolytic cleavage of H2. The inner sphere mechanism is kinetically more demanding and is not believed to contribute significantly to the progress of the reaction under the experimental conditions. Outer sphere route for nucleophilic attack of non-coordinated amine on coordinated alkyne is found the most plausible. The overall energy barrier for outer sphere mechanism in amine adduct can also be surpassed under the reaction conditions, therefore this mechanism cannot be excluded safely. For hydrogenation reaction, heterolytic hydrogen cleavage involving proton shift on triflate ligand and hydride to metal is found most plausible over the competitive H2 cleavage reactions. The mechanism of TiCl4 mediated formal [3 + 3] cyclization of 1,3-bis(silyl enol ethers) with 1,3- dielectrophiles is also studied with B3LYP method of density functional theory (DFT) to rationalize the experimental regioselectivity. Methyl and trifluoromethyl substituted 1,3 dielectrophiles are studied theoretically since they show different regioselectivities. Four different mechanisms involving direct-direct, direct-conjugate, conjugate-direct and conjugate-conjugate addition of 1,3-bis(silyl enol ethers) on 1,3-dielectrophiles are studied for each dienophile. The intramolecular transition metal catalyzed and non-catalyzed dynamic shift of the silyl moiety are also studied. The structure of the 1,3 dienophile and the associated Mulliken charges are the driving forces for different regioselectivities in methyl and trifluoromethyl dienophiles.