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Works and efforts of Sheikh Ahmed Deedat in comparative religions

Thesis Info

Author

Asma Rafiq

Department

Department of Comparative Religions

Program

MA

Institute

International Islamic University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2000

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

163

Subject

Comparative Religion

Language

English

Other

MA/MSc 242.5 ASW

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-23 22:58:37

ARI ID

1676721608702

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حوالہ جات کا طریق کار

موضوع6:حوالہ جات کا طریق کار
حوالوں کی ضرورت و اہمیت:
تحقیقی کتابوں اور مقالات میں حوالے بڑی اہمیت کے حامل ہوتے ہیں۔حوالوں کے بغیر تحقیقی کام کی تصدیق کرنا مشکل ہو جاتا ہے۔ جس طرح ایک وکیل اپنے دلائل کو تقویت دینے کے لیے قانون کی کتابوں سے حوالے دیتا ہے بالکل اسی طرح ایک محقق اپنے خیالات کو تقویت دینے کے لیے دوسرے ماہرین کی تحریروں کے حوالے دیتا ہے اور ان کا اندراج باقاعدہ طے شدہ اصولوں کے مطابق کرتا ہے۔ حوالوں کی اہمیت کا اندازہ درج ذیل باتوں سے لگایا جا سکتا ہے :
• قارئین کو مقالے کی بہتر تفہیم میں مدد دیتے ہیں۔
• محقق کے مطالعے کی وسعت کا پتہ چلتا ہے۔
• قارئین کوتحقیق میں استعمال کیے گئے ماخذ سے آگاہی ہوتی ہے۔
• ماخذات کے ذرائع اور اقتباسات کے مصنفین کی کاوشوں کو خراج تحسین پیش کرنے میں مدد دیتے ہیں۔
حوالے دینے کے مختلف طریقے:
حوالہ بالحاظ صفحہ:
ہر صفحہ کے متن کے نیچے آخری سطور پر حوالے درج کیے جاتے ہیں۔ایسی صورت میں ہر صفحہ کا حوالہ نمبر 1،2،3سے شروع ہوگا
حوالہ بالحاظ باب:
باب کے آخر میں حوالہ دینا:ایسی صورت میں حوالہ نمبر مسلسل دینے ہوں گے ،گویاجہاں باب ختم ہوگا وہاں حوالے درج کیے جائیں گے۔
حوالہ بالحاظ مقالہ/کتاب:
پورے مقالے یا کتاب کے آخرمیں ابواب کی ترتیب باب نمبر 1،2،3وغیرہ سے حوالے درج کیے جاتے ہیں۔
نوٹ: مشقی کام یا اسائنمنٹ کے لیے حوالہ بالحاظ صفحہ اور مقالہ کیلیے حوالہ بالحاظ باب نمبر کو زیادہ موزوں خیال کیا جاتا ہے۔
حوالے کے اندراج کے اصول:
• حوالہ میں صرف طے شدہ ،مختصر تفاصیل درج ہونی چاہییں۔
• پہلی بار حوالہ مکمل صورت میں درج کرنا ہوگا۔
• دوسری بار صرف مصنف،تحریر کا عنوان اور ص نمبر کا اندراج ہوگا۔
• اگر حوالہ مسلسل ہے...

Physical activity in prevention of cancer and better prognosis

Cancer is a multifactorial disease with genetic and environmental risk factors. Environmental factors may also be termed as modifiable risk factors and these contribute towards 35% of cancer related mortalities as reported by World Health Organization. Obesity is the leading risk factor in this regard, causing not only deaths due to cancer but also to many other diseases. Among different factors causing obesity, a major contributor is lack of physical activity. In this era of modern technology and digitalization, sedentary mode of life has become a part of life and is mostly unavoidable. At the same time, there is a rise in the incidence of cancer. In the olden times, people used to do all manual work, a lot of walk, exercise and had healthy life style. Such healthy life style may have prevented them from various diseases.             Physical activity as a therapy on daily basis, is associated with a reduction in incidence of various carcinomas. It may improve overall wellbeing of healthy people as well as diseases persons from various ailments. As it is a common proverb that, “prevention is better than cure”, physical activity serves as a preventive measure for various diseases and also for fitness of normal healthy people. Although it is a known fact, yet planned population studies are required to provide evidence. Instead of unorganized physical activities, a structured physical activity may help in improvement of condition of cancer patients, prevention of cancer, cancer related deaths as well we quality of life. Healthcare providers should guide the patients in this regard.             There is lack of awareness among physicians and mostly they don’t refer them to physical therapists. There is also lack of information regarding the implementation of the programs and regimens of physical exercises for different diseases and cancers. Physical therapists may guide the patients in terms of frequency, intensity, duration of exercises which may serve as a betterment of their condition.

The Influences of Performance Appraisal on Teachers Professional Development: A Case Study of a Private School in Karachi, Pakistan

Development is implicit at every stage of appraisal irrespective of the approach; be it developmental (formative) or accountable (summative) (Bollington, Hopkins & West, 1993). If properly constructed and presented; the performance appraisal system can improve professional development of teachers, the management of the school, and students' learning outcomes. The focus of this study was to unpack the influences of performance appraisal on teachers' professional development. This study was conducted in one of the private schools in Karachi, Pakistan; and it involved ten participants, six appraisees, three appraisers and one reviewer. Data were collected using exploratory nature case study within the qualitative paradigm of research. Interviews and the document analysis were the major source of data collection. As a result of qualitative data analysis, the study has generated some findings related to the influence of performance appraisal on teachers' professional development. The study revealed that appraisees unanimously identified the purpose of appraisal as a summative assessment of teachers' performance for making administrative decisions such as; deciding annual increment and making teachers more accountable to school rule and regulations. The suggestions made by appraisees confirmed that the teachers did not perceive that there was a link between appraisal and the professional development of teachers. In contrast, the appraisers collectively considered performance appraisal as a tool to appreciate teachers' potentials and to identify areas for further enhancement. In addition, the findings of the study further suggest that the process of performance appraisal influences relations within teachers, and between teachers and supervisors negatively if handled in a less professional way. The findings of this study also suggest that a system of shared, informed and mutually agreed policy on performance appraisal should be developed by involving all key contributors and disseminated to all teachers to make the process clearer to all. This is also important to strengthen trust between teachers and the management of the school. The findings of this study may provide a useful insight to schools i.e. those who are in the process to introduce performance appraisal, or are reviewing their appraisal system and policies.