دور المعاهد والأقسام للترجمة في العصور العربية الزاهرة وحاجة انشائھا في أقسام اللغات بالجامعات الباكستانية

Translations have a prominent role in the advancement of science and literature for any people. By which sciences and arts move from the literature of one nation to the literature of another nation, in which sciences and arts flourish, and a nation becomes acquainted with the literature of another nations. Translation is an independent art, as it depends on creativity, linguistic sense and the ability to bring cultures closer, and it enables all mankind to communicate and benefit from each other's experiences. It is an art as old as written literature. Translation is a cultural necessity and an intellectual activity, and it extends bridges of communication between civilizations that converge and diverge among themselves, and their languages are similar and differ in ways of expression and methods of statement and expression of ideas, feelings and attitudes, and in the worldview and understanding of its concepts. There is no doubt that translation it is a complex linguistic process that requires lengthy anchors, as the queen of the two tongues is acquired only by a lot of practice, in addition to the systematic study of the mechanisms of transmission from one tongue to another. We also see in the modern era that the Arab Scientific Academy in Damascus, the Arabic Language Academy in Cairo and the Iraqi Scientific Academy have a clear and prominent role in the advancement of Arabic sciences and literature. The Scientific Academy in Damascus has established the Arabic language and its terminology, and the language of bureaucracies, in particular, with the help of authors and translators in particular, and the Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo, which has made efforts in developing the great linguistic lexicon and terminology of modern sciences.

Effect of Eco-Friendly Antimicrobial Finish on Textiles for Controlling

The study was aimed to apply eco-friendly antimicrobial finish on textiles. The eco-friendly antimicrobial finish was extracted from leaves of Azadirachata indica, Butea monosperma and Litchi chinensis plants and applied on 100% cotton, 100% polyester, 50/50 cotton/polyester and 100% silk. Before and after applying antimicrobial finish presence of microorganisms, FTIR, SEM, fabric properties and sustainability to washes were checked. The antimicrobial finish was applied by pad dry cure method and finish was fixed by using poly urethane binder. The presence of microorganisms was checked by ASTEM E2149 shake flask method before and after applying antimicrobial finish and after successive 25 washes. The results were analyzed through MANOVA and ANOVA. The fabric properties were checked by using AATCC and ISO standard test methods. The eco-friendly antimicrobial finish made 89% reduction in microbial growth. In case of aesthetic properties (smoothness, surface appearance) antimicrobial finish had positive effect on 100% cotton, 50/50 cotton/polyester and on 100% silk but had no effect on 100% polyester. In case of comfort related properties (Absorbency, Air Permeability) antimicrobial finish had positive effect on cotton, cotton/polyester and silk but had no effect on polyester fabric. In case of mechanical properties (Tensile strength, Tear strength) antimicrobial finish had positive on cotton, cotton/polyester and silk fabric while it had no effect on polyester fabric. The antimicrobial finish lasted up to 25 washes. The study suggested that antimicrobial fabric is suitable to provide protection cover for medical industry, paramedical staff, sports wears, home furnishing as well as common people.