حديث أُمرت أن أقاتل الناس حتى يشهدوا: دراسة في حرية الاعتقاد والفعل

One of the greatest epistemological accomplishments that Muslims have achieved is the establishment of an accurate system of deriving rulings from Sharia texts, which is known as ‘principles of jurisprudence’ or Usūl ul Fiq. Among the significant contents of these subject is dealing with the text which apparently contradicts to other basic principles of Islam or objectives of Sharī’ah. The job of a jurist becomes more significant and difficult in devising the judgments and interpreting the texts as reported by the fundamentalists: inquiring the validity of the texts, finding its weakness with respect to strong argument, and comparing them in terms of authenticity. Other times, he tries to reconcile between the contradictions by keeping in view a meaning consistent with Sharī’ah. The application of these principles gave birth to the variety and diversity of opinions on account of Ijtihād. Keeping in view the above preamble, the author addressed one of the famous Ahadith of Holy Prophet PBUH: “I have been ordered to fight against the people until they testify.”. This saying of Holy Prophet PBUH attracted Muslim thinkers in past and present to address its meanings and application. Likewise some related debate has emerged in the modern period as regards whether the term "people" in the hadith is used generically or specifically - forcing these people to Islam after defeating? The author in this context, addressed the terminology of hadith, its apparent contradiction with the principles of Sharī’ah, legal maxims, provisions, diverse interpretations, and added his own opinion. Descriptive and qualitative research approach was employed for the collection, demonstration and analysis of data.

Comparison of Multi-Detector Ct Venography and Venous Sonography for Detecting Lower Limb Deep Venous Thrombosis in Patients With Suspected Pulmonary Embolism

Objective: This was a prospective analytic study that aimed to compare the agreement between CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA/CTV) and ultrasonography (US) for diagnosis of thromboembolic disease and determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the 2 tests using the presence of thromboembolic disease as a reference standard. Methods: 76 consecutive patients who were referred for CTPA at the Radiology department of Aga Khan University Hospital over an 8 month period between December 2008 and July 2009 were included in the study. All the patients underwent combined CTPA/CTV according to the usual departmental protocol. They subsequently had bilateral lower limb duplex US within 24 hours of the CTPA/CTV study. Results for the presence or absence of DVT were analyzed for both CTV and US. Presence of thromboembolic disease was defined by a composite reference standard and this was used to determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for both tests. Results: 73 patients were included in the final analysis. The 2 imaging tests had similar results in 62 (84.93%) patients; CTV was positive and US was negative in 7 (9.6%) patients, while CTV was negative and US was positive in 4 (5.5%) patients. There was a moderate level of agreement (k= 0.528) between CTV and US for detection of DVT. CTV had a much higher sensitivity (94.1%), specificity (100%), PPV (100%), NPV (98.2%) compared to US (58.9%, 94.6%, 76.9%, 88.3% respectively) when the presence of thromboembolic disease was used as a reference standard. Conclusion: CTV has higher sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values for detection of asymptomatic DVT compared to US when the presence of venous thromboembolic disease is used as a reference standard. Therefore, in patients suspected to have PE, CTV can be used to detect DVT without an additional duplex US examination.