2۔ قتل شبہ عمد
امام ابو حنیفہ ؒ کے نزدیک قتل شبہ عمد سے مراد
"قصد اور ارادہ کے ساتھ ایسی چیز سے مارے جو ہتھیار نہیں ہے اور نہ ہی وہ چیز قائم مقام ہتھیار کے ہے۔ "193
امام ابو یوسف ؒ اور امام محمد ؒ کے نزدیک قتل شبہ
"قصد اور ارادہ کے ساتھ ایسی چیز سے مارا جائے جس سے عام طور پر انسان کی موت واقع نہیں ہوتی ۔ اس مذکورہ صورت کو قتل شبہ عمد کہنے کی وجہ یہ ہے کہ ایسا آلہ استعمال کرنے کی وجہ سے جس سے عام حالات میں انسان ہلاک نہیں ہوتا ، قصداً اور بلارادہ قتل کرنے کے معنی ادھورے اور ناتمام رہ جاتے ہیں کیونکہ ایسے آلہ کے ذریعے مارنے سے قتل کرنے کے علاوہ دوسرا مقصد بھی ہو سکتا ہے، مثلاً تادیب، ڈرانا ، خوف زدہ کرنا ۔ لہذا اگر ایسے آلہ سے مارنے سے موت واقع ہو گئی تو وہ قتل شبہ عمد کہلائے گا۔ "194
قتل شبہ عمد کے احکام
1۔ قاتل گناہ گار ٹھہرے گا۔
2۔ قاتل پر کفارہ واجب ہوتا ہے اس لیے کہ اس قتل کو قتل خطا ء کے ساتھ مشابہت ہے ۔
3۔ تیسرا حکم قاتل کی مدد گار برادری پر دیت مغلظہ واجب ہو گی۔
عبداللہ بن عمرو سے روایت ہے رسول اللہ ﷺنے دیت مغلظہ کے بارے میں ارشاد فرمایا
" قَتِيلُ السَّوْطِ وَالْعَصَا، مِائَةٌ مِنَ الْإِبِلِ، أَرْبَعُونَ مِنْهَا خَلِفَةً، فِي بُطُونِهَا أَوْلَادُهَا ۔ "195
" شبہ عمد یعنی خطا کا مقتول وہ ہے جو کوڑے یا لکڑی (چھڑی ، معمولی لکڑی) سے مارا جائے، اس میں سو 100 اونٹ ہیں دیت کے طور پر ، ان سو اونٹوں میں چالیس 40 ایسی اونٹنیاں ہیں جو حاملہ ہوں ۔ "
دیت مغلظہ یا تغلیظ دیت
چوتھا حکم قاتل ، مقتول...
Pakistan and Iran are neighboring countries that have longstanding historical ties. However, there is little research available about Pakistan-Iran energy trade relations, especially with respect to the Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline. This research is based on primary data collected through qualitative interviews with key policymakers, academicians, and social activists, from Australia, India, Pakistan, and the United States. Based on the analysis of the data, this paper argues that there are risks involved for Pakistan in either honoring United States’ sanctions on Iran or bypassing them. In the former, Pakistan is incurring a huge cost in terms of delayed energy import from Iran while in the latter Pakistan, its officials, and its relevant organizations may face heavy sanctions by the United States. The study concludes that Pakistan must adopt a safer policy to pursue energy import from Iran while conducting good relations with both U.S. And Iran. The participation of India in the Iran-Pakistan energy project can increase the likelihood of its success.
Emex australis interference in wheat was investigated in three different experiments (Laboratory, Pot and Field experiments) at the Agronomic Research Area, Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan during the year 2005/06 and 2006/07. The First experiment was aimed to study the “Allelopathic effects of E. australis on germination and early seedling growth of wheat at different temperatures”. In pot and field experiments “Influence of spiny emex (Emex australis Steinh.) density on the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) sown at different times” was studied. Interactive effect of E. australis residual soil and temperature significantly reduced the root/shoot length, dry weights and seedling biomass. Interaction of temperature with different aqueous extracts of E. australis significantly reduced the root/shoot length, dry weight and seedling biomass of wheat with pronounced inhibitory effects with leaf and stem extract as compared with distilled water (control). Interactive effect of temperature with wheat seed soaked in stem aqueous extract of E. australis caused highest significant effect on germination, mean germination time and germination index of wheat seeds. Interactive effect of temperature with continuously applied stem aqueous extract of E. australis caused highest significant effect on germination, mean germination time and germination index of wheat seeds. Aqueous leaf extract showed the highest inhibitory effect on wheat seed germination (48.7% inhibition) followed by butanol fraction (40% inhibition) and hexane fraction (26.2% inhibition). Hexane fraction from ethonolic extract of E. australis leaf extract significantly reduced root/shoot length, their dry weights and seedling dry biomass more that the aqueous ethanolic extract and other fractions. Result of pot experiment showed that E. australis plant height, number of seeds per plant, seed weight per plant, fresh and dry weight per plant and NPK uptake and concentration of E. australis was significantly affected by sowing dates and different levels of E. australis density in uniformly seeded wheat. The wheat growth and yield parameters like number of spike bearing tillers, non-spike bearing tillers, plant height, spike length, grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index and NPK concentration were significantly affected by different E. australis density levels. The delayed sowing of 24 th November resulted in lowest grain yield mainly due to less number of spike bearing tillers and grains per spike. Results of field experiment showed that E. australis plant height, number of seeds per plant, seed weight per plant, fresh and dry weight per plant and NPK uptake and concentration of E. australis was significantly affected by sowing dates and different levels of E. australis density in uniformly seeded wheat during both years of study. Wheat growth and yield parameters like number of spike bearing tillers, non-spike bearing tillers, plant height, spike length, grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, harvest index and NPK concentration were significantly affected by different E. australis density levels. The maximum grain yield was obtained from weed free wheat, mainly due to more spike bearing tillers, number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight. The delayed sowing of 23 rd November resulted in lowest grain yield mainly due to less number of spike bearing tillers and grains per spike. E. australis demonstrated allelopathic prospective against wheat seed germination and seedling growth which suggests that soil incorporated plant residues of E. australis may have broader ecological implications on the growth of succeeding crop. Sowing of wheat on 7 th Nov. proved to be helpful in reducing wheat grain yield loss from E. australis infestation.