اقبال کا شاعرانہ سفر، شاعرانہ انداز اور شاعرانہ مقاصد دوسروں سے مختلف تھے۔ اس لیے اقبال نے شاعرانہ محاسن کو بھی اپنے خاص مقاصد کے لیے استعمال کیا۔ اس طرح کلام اقبال میں صنائع بدائع کا ذکر بھی موجود ہے اور شعری محاسن کو اقبال نے جس طرح استعمال کہا ہے قاری پڑھ کر حیران رہ جاتا ہے۔ تشبیہ کے حوالہ سے پروفیسر عبدالحق کہتے ہیں:
”صنائع بدائع کاایک بڑا ذ خیرہ کلام میں موجود ہے۔ تشبیہات کی ندرت اور ان کی
ارزانی پر حیرت ہوتی ہے“ (10)
اقبال کے کلام میں تشبیہ کی بہت سی مثالیں دیکھی جاسکتی ہیں۔ اقبال نے انہیں اپنے خاص مقاصد کے لیے استعمال کیا ہے۔ صرف شاعرانہ لطف وکرم کے لیے با لذت کے لیے تشبیہ کا سہارا نہیں لیا ۔نظم ”ساقی نامہ“ کے یہ اشعار دیکھیے۔
یہ عالم ،یہ بت خانۂ شش جہات
اسی نے تراشا ہے یہ سومنات
یہ عالم ،یہ بت خانۂ چشم و گوش
جہاں زندگی ہے فقط خوردو نوش (11)
ان اشعار میں ”بت خانہ شش جہات“ اور” بت خانۂ چشم و گوش “جیسے الفاظ و تراکیب حکیمانہ اور فلسفیانہ خیالات کے حامل ہیں اور اقبال نے انہیں تشبیہ کے طور پر استعمال کیا ہے۔ اقبال کے اسلوب شعر میں اور بھی بہت سی تشبیہات استعمال ہوئی ہیں۔ ان کا تعلق عمرانیات ،سیاسیات اور تہذیب سے بھی ہے۔اقبال نے اپنی شاعری کا بڑا حصہ عالم انسانیت کے عمرانی اور سیاسی مسائل کی تشریح اور تعبیر کی نذر کر دیا۔ انہوں نے زندگی کی ان غیر دلکش اور کھردری حقیقتوں کو لباس حسن و زیبائی میں پیش کر کے شعری اسلوب کو ایک نئے آہنگ سے روشناس کیا۔
آزاد کی رگ سخت ہے مانند رگ سنگ
محکوم کی رگ نرم ہے مانند رگ تاک (12)
”رگِ سنگ“ اور ”رگِ تاک“ کی تشبیہ...
Performance appraisal is a key human resource practice and source of a motivation for an employee and its success depends on justice perception of an employee towards performance appraisal system. Pakistani banking sector is playing a vital role in the economic growth of the country. Private Banks are innovative and effective in their approach as compared to the public banks. Past studies have compared the public and private banks and found that new private banks are more effective than public banks in terms of technical and economic efficiency. However, there are meager studies available in the context of justice perception of performance appraisal practices in the public and private banks. Data were collected through five-point Likert scale and analyzed with SPSS 24.0 versions. In the result difference of justice is measured by mean differences and independent sample t-test. However, it is found that employees of private banks perceive greater justice as compared to public banks. This study emphasizes the importance of fairness perception of employees in the context of performance appraisal practices and could be used to better understand the problems associated with appraisal practices in public and private banks.
The study has focused on the foreign portfolio investment (FPI) in Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX). Mixed-method approach is applied to analyse quantitative and qualitative data. The study analyses three types of data, thus it presents three different analysis procedures. Quarterly data from secondary sources (2007Q3 to 2017Q2) of ten consecutive years, primary data collected through questionnaire and qualitative data collected through interviews have been analysed. Firstly, drivers of FPI are identified and explored through secondary data. Two different sets of variables (macroeconomic variables and stock market indicators) are explored. Macroeconomic variables include economic growth activity, interest rates, exchange rate risk, inflation rate, country risk and foreign direct investment (FDI). The set of stock market indicators include stock market size/capitalization, stock market returns, stock market risk, stock market liquidity and stock market index. The relationship of both sets of variables with the dependent variable has been explored. Correlation is checked along with Co-integration analysis. Co-integration is carried out for checking the long-term relationship between the selected variables. After establishing long-term relationship, short-term relationship has been explored through Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). Furthermore, magnitude of these relationships has been checked by doing the multiple regression analysis through Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method. After secondary data analysis, the influence of FPI flows on the investment decisions of domestic institutional investors has been checked by analyzing primary data collected through questionnaire-based survey from domestic institutional investors listed at PSX. The questionnaire comprises of thirty questions, covering three behavioural factors; overconfidence, conservatism and herding effect in the context of FPI. Six separate questions have been asked in order to triangulate the results of secondary data analysis. The responses have almost supported the results of the secondary data analysis. For further thorough analysis, interviews from ten domestic institutional investors have also been conducted. The respondents were asked that whether FPI flows really influence the investors’ investment behaviour and secondly, suggestions regarding investment decisions have also been sought from them. Almost, all of the interviewees responded cooperatively and suggested that government should take steps in order to provide safety to foreign investors and protect the small domestic investors as well, especially, in crisis situations. Thus, this study has been carried out about the foreign investment in Pakistan by applying mix-method approach with quantitative and qualitative data analysis. The study has clear policy implications for the policy makers and the stock market stake holders.