لال بہادر شاستری
پنڈت جواہر لال نہرو کا غم ابھی فراموش نہ ہوا تھا کہ ملک نے ایک اور لعل بے بہا کھودیا، شری لال بہادر شاستری کی موت ہندوستان کا عظیم ترین حادثہ ہے۔ ان کی موت سے ہندوستان ایک ایسے فرزند سے محروم ہوگیا جس کی تلافی مدتوں نہ ہوسکے گی، انھوں نے ملک و قوم کی خاطر غریب الوطنی میں جان دی اور مرنے سے پہلے ایک ایسا کارنامہ انجام دے گئے جو ہند و پاک کی تاریخ میں یادگار رہے گا، مگر افسوس کہ اس کے خوشگوار نتائج اپنی آنکھوں سے نہ دیکھ سکے، پنڈت جواہر لال نہرو کی زندگی ہی میں یہ سوال پیدا ہوگیا تھا کہ ان کے بعد کوئی ایسی شخصیت نظر نہیں آتی جو وزارت عظمیٰ کے بارگراں کو سنبھال سکے، لیکن شاستری جی نے اٹھارہ مہینہ کی مختصر مدت میں یہ ثابت کردیا کہ وہ پنڈت جی کے صحیح جانشین تھے۔ اس قلیل مدت میں بڑے پیچیدہ اور نازک معاملات پیش آئے، لیکن شاستری جی نے اپنے فہم و تدبر اور ہمت و پامردی سے ان کا پورا مقابلہ کیا، معاہدہ تاشقند تو ان کے اور جنرل ایوب کے تدبر کا شاہکار ہے، گو اس سے سب مختلف فیہ مسائل حل نہیں ہوگئے، لیکن ہندوستان اور پاکستان کی ہلاکت خیز جنگ کا خاتمہ ہوگیا، اور صلح و مسالمت کی ایسی فضا پیدا ہوگئی ہے کہ اگر فریقین نے ہوشمندی سے کام لیا تو ہندوستان و پاکستان کے درمیان مصالحت اور دوستی کا خوشگوار دور شروع ہوسکتا ہے۔
شاستری جی بڑے ٹھنڈے دل و دماغ کے اور طبعاً نرم مزاج، صلح جو اور امن پسند انسان تھے، لیکن سختی کے موقع پر سخت اور ہمت و استقلال کا پیکر بن جاتے تھے، انھوں ے اپنی سلامت روی اور ہوشمندی سے ملک کو بڑے نازک حالات سے نکالا، افسوس ہے...
Our home Earth a beautiful place to live, Allah created earth for his lovable creature but human being is destroying the beautiful earth for his own comfort. And now we're experiencing the consequences, such as rising temperatures. The interaction of rising global temperatures over the nation's land and oceans is known as "Intercontinental weather evolution." Evolution in world’s weather is an outcome of worldwide increase in temperature, and it includes greater temperatures, moisture, precipitation, condensation, and weather systems – along with variations in the occurrence and severity of these variables. It also threatens life on this planet physically and emotional. Climate change destroying city Karachi too. In 2015 Karachi faced deadly heat wave any around 1200 died. Pakistan’s government take action to control global warming but it's not enough caused a city over 14.91 million (2017), it will need more attention and take action to control the situation of global warming. We can also control consequences of global warming by adopting and reducing few things from our Life otherwise our future will be dark as a black hole in space.
Oscillatory Channel Flow for Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids The flow between parallel porous plates may be driven by the uniform suction/injection at the permeable walls or by the movement of the walls. Sometimes, this flow can also be induced due to the pressure gradient. In this thesis, we have examined the flow between parallel plates and cylindrical tubes due to the uniform suction/injection at the walls with oscillatory pressure gradient. The oscillatory flow inside a channel/tube has many applications in industrial and engineering processes. Understanding the physics of oscillatory or transient flows in small channels is of fundamental interest for many biological and industrial applications. For example, the quasi-periodic blood flow in the cardiovascular diseases are described by the frequency components of the pressure and flow rate pulses, and many vascular diseases are associated with disturbances of the local flow conditions in the blood vessels. Furthermore, it has applications in modeling of respiratory functions in lungs, modeling of chemical/blood dispensing in biochemistry/clinical labs etc. The oscillatory channel flow have special relevance in vibrating media with applications in oil drilling, control of blood flow during surgical operations, manufacturing and processing of foods and paper, oil exploration and paper industry. Some other applications of value are to detect the intensity of underground explosions, chemicals and material processing, isotope separation, irrigation systems, rocket propulsion, filtration mechanism, sweat cooling, cooling of electronic device, heat exchanger and many others. Most of the theoretical work undertaken in oscillatory channels and tubes is for viscous fluids. Nothing or very little has been said for non-Newtonian fluids. Motivated by these considerations, we extend the analysis of oscillatory channel and tube flows from clear Newtonian fluid to Newtonian fluid in porous medium and non- Newtonian second grade and Jeffery fluids. The flow in the channel is driven by suction ixat the permeable walls while time harmonic pressure waves are responsible for oscillations in the velocity field. The analytic solutions of the corresponding boundary value problems for Newtonian (porous medium) and non-Newtonian fluids are established. The combined effects of porosity of the medium and the fluid oscillations on the oscillatory axial velocity between porous channels are investigated for the case of a Newtonian fluid. Further investigations are made for a second grade fluid in a channel and a cylindrical tube. The effects of wall suction, the second grade fluid parameter on the amplitude and penetration depth of the oscillatory axial velocity are determined. The oscillatory channel flow is also discussed for Jeffery fluid and the effects of relaxation/retardation time parameters and Deborah number are examined.