Atiya Fyzee, Shibli, and Iqbal: English as a Social Butterfly

Taking an ‘analogical’ approach to the issue, this study reads the saga of Atiya Fyzee’s relationship with Shibli Nomani and Allama Iqbal as a plausible allegory of the transforming cultural relationship of the Muslims of the subcontinent with English (in what this term comes to mean as a language, as a discipline of studies, and as a synecdoche of Western culture). The history of this cultural interaction since the British colonization I have divided into three broad phases: the initial, the middle, and the present. The initial phase I earlier dealt with by exploiting Sheikh Muhammad Ikram’s analogy, later employed by Nasir Abbas Nayyar, that Shibli’s attitude towards English was the same as his attitude towards his step-mother at home. English, in other words, was a stepmother for Shibli, and for the generations represented through his figure in this early phase of cultural interaction of the Muslims of the subcontinent with the language. The present paper focuses on how one can analogically read in the personal histories of the representative figures of this culture the stories of how in the subcontinent the larger cultural reception of English gradually changed from being treated as a ‘step-mother’(and hence forging with her a relationship of cultural exchange) to being treated as a ‘social butterfly’ or a ‘social sweetheart’, as a symbol of liberal humanist high culture, and how such terms of cultural engagement with English were unacceptable to both Shibli and Iqbal. The paper closes on how even this image of English as high culture gradually dissolved with the cultural disintegration wrought by an ever-increasing and relentless consumerist culture in the postcolonial times.

حقوقِ اطفال پر اسلامی نظریاتی کونسل کی سفارشات اور عالمی کنونشن 1989ء کا تقابلی جائزہ

Islam has clarified the rights of children and emphasized on their fulfillment and given good news of rewards to those who fulfil it. the concept of children's rights and laws are not new for Muslims. In contemporary era, some organizations have realized the improance of human rights and with the support of stack holders undertaken "human rights" including "children's rights". It is positive gesture that the United Nations Global Convention has also formulated resolutions regarding human rights and their protection, in which the rights of children have been emphasized regardless of color, race, language, and geography. In the context of Pakistan, the role of the Islamic Ideological Council is also important in this regard, which is a constitutional institution, and examines the laws framed in the country and presents its recommendations in the light of Islamic teachings. The Council has periodically presented its recommendations on children’s issues. The efforts of both institutions are important. this research deals wih the recommendations by two organizations. The thesis consists of a preface, four chapters, conclusions and recommendations. Preface includes a comprehensive introduction of the topic. In the first chapter, the importance of rights in Islam, the rights of children before birth and after birth are explained. The second chapter introduces the Council of Islamic Ideology and an overview of its recommendations regarding the rights of children. In the third chapter, there is a detailed discussion on the introduction of the international convention and its aims, objectives, and its provisions regarding the rights of children. In the fourth chapter, comparison between the recommendations of the Islamic Ideological Council and the provisions of the International Convention, their mutual similarities and differences are presented.