استفہام بمعنی امر
بسااوقات استفہام امر کے معنوں میں استعمال ہوتا ہے ۔ ذیل کی آیت:
"إِنَّمَا يُرِيدُ الشَّيْطَانُ أَنْ يُوقِعَ بَيْنَكُمُ الْعَدَاوَةَ وَالْبَغْضَاءَ فِي الْخَمْرِ وَالْمَيْسِرِ وَيَصُدَّكُمْ عَنْ ذِكْرِ اللَّهِ وَعَنِ الصَّلَاةِ فَهَلْ أَنْتُمْ مُنْتَهُونَ"۔ [[1]]
"شیطان تو یہی چاہتا ہے کہ شراب اور جوئے کے ذریعے تمہارے درمیان دشمنی اور بغض کے بیج ڈال دے اور تمہیں اللہ کی یاد اور نماز سے روک دے ، اب بتاؤ کہ کیا تم ان چیزوں سے باز آ جاؤ گے"۔
اس آیت میں ’’فھل انتم منتھون ‘‘ در اصل ’’انتھوا عنھا‘‘ کے معنی میں مستعمل ہے ۔
"فَإِلَّمْ يَسْتَجِيبُوا لَكُمْ فَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّمَا أُنْزِلَ بِعِلْمِ اللَّهِ وَأَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إِلَّا هُوَ فَهَلْ أَنْتُمْ مُسْلِمُونَ"۔[[2]]
"اس کے بعد اگر یہ تمہاری بات قبول نہ کریں تو (اے لوگو) یقین کر لو کہ یہ وحی صرف اللہ کےحکم سے اتری ہےاور یہ کہ اللہ کے سوا کوئی عبادت کے لائق نہیں، تو کیا اب تم فرما بردار بنو گے"۔
جناب فلاحی کی رائے میں آیت مذکور میں ’’فھل انتم مسلمون‘‘ استفہام کے معنی میں نہیں بلکہ امر کے مفہوم میں استعمال ہوا ہے یعنی ’’اسلموا لھذا لاکتاب و آمنو ‘‘ ۔[[3]]
" قُلْ أَرَأَيْتُمْ إِنْ أَهْلَكَنِيَ اللَّهُ وَمَنْ مَعِيَ أَوْ رَحِمَنَا”[[4]]
"اے پیغمبر ان سے کہو کہ ذرا یہ بتلاؤ کہ چاہے اللہ مجھے اور میرے ساتھیوں کو ہلاک کر دے یا ہم پر رحم فرما دے"۔
قاضی ثناء اللہ پانی پتی کے مطابق ’’ارءیتم‘‘ میں ابتدائی ہمزہ استفہام تقریری کے لیے...
The emergence of human milk banks for premature and underweight babies in the early twentieth century raised many questions about the proscription of breastfeeding kinship as are in Islamic jurisprudence. Many Islamic scholars tries to find its solution in the light of Quran, Sunnah and the sayings of early Imams of Fiqh, but their opinion about this matter was different like the differences of sayings of some Imams, until Islamic Organization for Medical Sciences based in Kuwait and Islamic fiqh Academy Jeddah, called Summits on this issue and decided against the establishment of such banks in Islamic world. The issue seemed to be almost solved until European Council for Fatwa and Research launched an appeal in 2003 against their solution and demanded to legitimate the use of Human Milk from these banks for the children of Muslim families in Europe and USA using the public scourge canon (Umum al Balwa) of fiqh. This appeal once again opened the door of discussion on this matter. This article is an overview of the sayings of early and modern jurisprudents and pros and cons of human milk banks in the quest of solution of this modern problem in the light of Islamic shariah, so that a just and balanced opinion may be adopted in this matter as it is motto of Islamic Law. This discussion will also affect many new problems faced by Muslim communities in European countries as well as Islamic countries in modern era
Leptochloa fusca L. is a halophyte plant from the Poaceae family and is also locally known as kallar grass. It is a perennial, summer-growing, forage grass that is now cultivated in many parts of the Pakistan and India. It is highly tolerant to salinity, sodicity, water logging and high soil pH. Plants have evolved a variety of adaptation mechanisms against salt stress, such as; restricting the uptake of environmental Na + ; increasing the efflux of Na + from the cell; and sequestering Na + into the large intracellular vacuole to reduce Na + accumulation in the cytosol. Compartmentalization of the Na + into vacuoles can be accomplished by the action of Na + /H + antiporters in the vacuolar membrane. They catalyze the exchange of Na + for H + across tonoplast membranes using the proton gradient generated by the vacuolar H + -ATPase and H + -pyrophosphatase (PPase). The function of the NHX1 antiporter depends upon free H + provided by protons pumps. The objectives of the study were to isolate H + -pyrophosphatase and Na + /H + antiporter genes from Leptochloa fusca and characterize for salt and drought tolerance. During present study the full length H + - PPase and NHX1 genes were isolated from cDNA of L. fusca using degenerate primers generated from corresponding sequences of plants of the Poaceae family. The L. fusca H + -PPase (LfVP1) cDNA contained an uninterrupted open reading frame of 2,292 bp, coding for a polypeptide of 764 amino acids. The LfVP1 sequence showed 91% identity with Z. mays H + -PPase, 90 % with S. bicolor and 80 % with A. thaliana H + -PPase. The L. fusca NHX1 cDNA contained an uninterrupted open reading frame of 1,623 bp coding for a polypeptide of 541 amino acids. The L. fusca NHX1 gene sequence showed 88 % identity with S. bicolor and 87 % with Z. mays genes. The LfVP1 and LfNHX1 genes were characterized using various online bioinformatics tools; hydrophobicity plots; 2 dimensional transmembrane structures; and protein 3 dimensional structures. The LfVP1 and LfNHX1 genes were cloned under the control of Gal promoter in a Gateway ® yeast expression vector and transformed in rg9 (control); ena1 and ena1;nhx1 yeast mutants. Yeast complementation assay on hygromycin plates showed that overexpression of the LfVP1 and LfNHX1 genes suppressed the hygromycin susceptibility phenotype in yeast mutants. The LfVP1 and LfNHX1 were also cloned under control of the 35S, 2X-35S, ZmUbi and OsAct promoters using the Gateway ® technology. The LfVP1 and LfNHX1 genes were transferred in tobacco through Agrobacterium mediated plant transformation under xvicontrol of the 35S promoter and characterized for salt and drought tolerance. The LfVP1 and LfNHX1 transgenic lines showed higher levels of relative water contents, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, membrane stability index and more negative value of leaf osmotic potential as compared to wild type control plants. The LfVP1 and LfNHX1 transgenic plants were able to germinate and maintain their growth at to 200 mM and 250 mM NaCl. The LfVP1 and LfNHX1 transgenic plants also showed better germination at 2 mg L - Basta ® ( glufosinate-ammonium ) . The LfVP1 and LfNHX1 genes were also transformed in wheat under ZmUbi promoter. Putative transgenic plants were confirmed through PCR amplification and leaf bioassays.