Search or add a thesis

Advanced Search (Beta)
Home > Alignment of National Curriculum 2006 objectives, textbook and assessment of biology at higher secondary level

Alignment of National Curriculum 2006 objectives, textbook and assessment of biology at higher secondary level

Thesis Info

Author

Ayesha Ahmad

Supervisor

Munazza Mahmood

Department

Department of Education

Program

MS

Institute

International Islamic University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2018

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

270

Subject

Education

Language

English

Other

MS 372.95491 AYA

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-24 16:44:51

ARI ID

1676721697852

Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel
Asian Research Index Whatsapp Chanel

Join our Whatsapp Channel to get regular updates.

Similar


Loading...
Loading...

Similar Books

Loading...

Similar Chapters

Loading...

Similar News

Loading...

Similar Articles

Loading...

Similar Article Headings

Loading...

۲۳۔ گلِ امید

گلِ امید

 الفاظ کے نشتر میری سماعتوں کو چیرتے ہوئے

میرے دل میں پیوست ہو رہے تھے

یوں لگ رہا تھا جیسے

میرے احساسات کسی راہِ پُر خار سے گزر رہے ہوں 

میری تھر تھراتی ہوئی زبان کچھ بھی کہنے سے قاصر تھی

نجانے کتنے ہی جملے زباں کی نوک تک آتے آتے دم توڑ گئے

میں حواس باختہ یوں بیٹھا تھا

جیسے کوئی بہرا…صدائوں سے بہت دور

 خیالات نے ہر چیز کو ’’لا‘‘ کے پیمانے پر رکھ دیا تھا

Pedagogical Approach for Effective Teaching of English Language in Nigerian Secondary Schools

This paper examined the pedagogical approaches to the teacher  learning of English language in Nigerian secondary  schools. However, the paper identified the concepts and types of pedagogical approaches. The factors affecting pedagogical approach for effective teaching and learning of English language. It was therefore concluded that the most effective pedagogical approach for the teaching-learning process of English language is the use of child centredness approach, activity oriented prorgamme it was therefore recommended that teachers should be curriculum. It was noted that  effective use of pedagogical approach enhances effective teaching learning of English language especially in Nigerian secondary schools.

Proactive Strategies to Improve Link Stability under Topology Changes in Mobile Adhoc Networks

Improving link stability under topological changes arise due to link/node failures under uniform speeds and random trajectories of mobile nodes, is a significant problem that mustbeaddressedtoimproveroutingperformanceinmobileadhocnetworks(MANETs). Under random characteristics of wireless channels, there must be a unified model based on proactive strategies to improve link stability under topological changes for stable and robust communications among neighboring nodes. This thesis addresses the problem of linkstabilityundertopologicalchangesbypresentingproactivestrategiesforfasterfailure detection, robustly maintaining link stability, effective link stability estimation, and efficient traffic estimation. First, a novel faster failure detection (FFD) strategy is proposed for link re-connectivity under link/node failures using a Hello messaging scheme. FFD is modeled through a Continuous Time Markov Chain (CTMC) based approach to proactivelydetectlink/nodefailuresundertopologicalchangesinMANETs. TheFFDstrategy minimizes delay incurred as a result of link re-connectivity, optimizes adjacency establishments among neighboring nodes, and enables energy efficiency to improve network connectivity. Second, a novel dynamic link connectivity (DLC) strategy for maintaining link stability among neighboring nodes. DLC is modeled through CTMC by taking into account continuous time analysis of dynamic link connectivity and stationary probability distribution between neighboring node pairs. The DLC strategy examines stability of network nodes and calculates probabilities of connection and disconnection states on the basis of transition rate estimation between these states. The DLC strategy robustly maintainslinkconnectivityforfuturecommunicationsamongneighboringnodesinsideacluster. Third, novel link connectivity metrics (LCM) and path distribution analysis (PDA) strategiesarepresentedforeffectivelinkstabilityestimationinMANETs. LCMandPDA are modeled using CTMC under random movement of network nodes and topology trig xxii geredpathdurationstatisticsasafunctionofeffectivelinkstabilityestimation. TheLCM and PDA strategies collectively enhance robustness and stability of a network by making it less prone to connectivity failures for future communications among network nodes. Finally, the fourth contribution is a novel efficient traffic estimation (ETE) strategy using Hello messaging among neighboring nodes inside a cluster. ETE is modeled through periodic exchange of transmitted Hello messages under local link connectivity between neighboring node pairs, which follows a CTMC model. The ETE strategy estimates optimum Hello messages traffic through local link connectivity. Simulation and analytical results demonstrate that the proposed strategies improve link stability under topological changes and can be deployed as effective tools for maximizing routing performance in MANETs.