جسٹس بشیر احمد سعید
افسوس ہے چند ماہ ہوئے جسٹس بشیر احمد سعید صاحب کابھی کم وبیش ۸۴ برس کی عمر میں دل کا دورہ پڑنے سے ان کے وطن مدراس میں انتقال ہوگیا۔ مرحوم بڑے فعال ومتحرک اورسرگرم وپُرجوش مسلمان تھے انہوں نے مسلمانوں کی تعلیمی ترقی کے لیے مدراس میں وہی کیا جوڈاکٹر عبدالغفور نے کیرالا میں کیا تھا، ’’جنوبی ہند کے مسلمانوں کی تعلیمی انجمن‘‘کے صدر کی حیثیت سے انہوں نے مدراس میں دو عظیم الشان کالج تعمیر کرائے ایک لڑکوں کے لیے اوردوسرا لڑکیوں کے لیے، آج یہ دونوں کالج مدراس یونیورسٹی کے نمایاں اورترقی یافتہ کالج سمجھے جاتے ہیں۔
مرحوم آل انڈیا شخصیت کے بزرگ تھے، سالہا سال وہ علی گڑھ یونیورسٹی کی مرکز کونسل اور کورٹ کے نہایت بااثر اورفعال ممبر رہے، آل انڈیا مسلم مجلس مشاورت اورآل انڈیا مسلم پرسنل لابورڈ دونوں کے سرگرم رکن تھے۔ سرکاری ملازمت سے سبکدوشی کے بعد ان کے شب و روز قومی کاموں میں ہی بسر ہوتے تھے۔ نماز،روزہ کے بڑے پابند،قرآن مجید کی تلاوت ان کے مشاغل یومیہ میں شامل، ندوۃ المصنفین کے شروع سے معاون تھے، برہان بڑے شوق سے پڑھتے اوراس کی بڑی قدر کرتے تھے، غرض کہ بڑی خوبیوں اوراعلیٰ اخلاق و صفات کے بزرگ تھے۔ حق گوئی اورحق پژوہی ان کاجوہر فطری تھا، انگریزی کے بڑے اچھے مقرر تھے، اردو میں بھی اظہار مدعاپر قادر تھے، تقریر بڑے جوشیلے انداز میں کرتے تھے۔ اس میں شک نہیں کہ ان کا نفس وجود مسلمانوں کے لیے بڑی تقویت کاسبب تھا کیونکہ وہ قانون دان بھی تھے اورمسلمانوں کے سچے ترجمان ووکیل بھی۔ [جولائی۱۹۸۴ء]
Education play main role in modern society and main purpose of education is to create a society characterized by holiness and reconciliation so that society is filled with a spirit of sympathy, sadness and good will. In no time has the usefulness of education and its spirituality been devalued. Education is recognized as a symbol of the greatness the living nations and civilized society. Educated society reflects patience humble, grateful, fear and the most important habit such as determination and become an integral part of life. Even the educated society is considered to be a true pioneer of courage and human values. Education plays a positive role in empowering the weakest society. On the other hand educated people can think of the happiness and the well-being of humanity due to the light knowledge and their sincere efforts when working in this society so of course this will directly benefit those who are weak and ignorant in the society and the key to maximizing humanity. The light of education should also go to homes that are deprived of wealth and helplessness. It also means abiding by the law showing respect to women and helping the weak. Controlling bad temper and language being polite and following proper etiquette in a gathering is also part of good social behavior. In short good social behavior is living decently, peacefully, and with dignity among others without hurting or disturbing them. Good social behavior helps us live amicably in our society. It promotes good will and understanding among people and cultivates a clean, healthy environment for all citizens
The phylogenetic relationships within Apocynaceae were investigated in the present study. In addition trnL-F intron-spacer region and atpB promoter, a part of PHYA exon, a low-copy nuclear gene were sequenced from Apocynaceae. Different taxa of the family were collected from Pakistan and different regions of the world, representing major groups of the family. Separate phylogenetic trees were constructed using trnL-F and PHYA sequences and then combined datasets were used for simultaneous analysis. In the separate trnL-F analyses (comprised of 178 taxa with updated nomenclature) both parsimony and Bayesian, yield a number of stable clades, but placement of tribes (Vinceae, Tabernaemontaneae, Hunterieae and Melodineae) in Rauvolfioideae is uncertain and lack high level of support. A clade comprising Ceropegieae and Marsdenieae receives good support confirming the monophyly of both tribes. The grouping of taxa in Asclepiadeae is not satisfactory to define a subtribal classification. Malagasy Cynanchum group forms a separate clade in both analyses while the monophyly of New World Cynanchineae is not supported here. In the combined phylogenetic analyses, 112 taxa were included representing most major caldes in Apocynaceae. The study confirms that Periplocoideae are nested within Apocynoideae. The APSA clade (Apocynoideae, Periplocoideae, Secamonoideae and Asclepiadoideae) is strongly supported here, but the crown clade of Apocynaceae (comprised of subfamilies Asclepiadoideae, Secamonoideae, Periplocoideae and Echiteae, Mesechiteae, Odontadenieae and Apocyneae of Apocynoideae) has only moderate support. The present study places Periplocoideae as part of the sister group to the rest of the crown clade and the tribe Baisseeae emerges as sister group of Secamonoideae-Asclepiadoideae clade. Old World Cynanchinae form a well-supported clade with the New World MOG (Metastelmatinae, Oxypetalinae and Gonolobinae) tribes rather than with the largely Old World Asclepiadinae and Tylophorinae, as suggested by earlier studies. By addition of atpB promoter sequences of Rauvolfioideae’s taxa in combined dataset (trnL-F and PHYA), the inter-generic resolution was not improved in the subfamily. In the present study, resolution among most groups (such as inter-tribal relationships of Asclepiadoideae) is improved in combined analyses as compared to previous phylogenies, based on only plastid regions. However, there is a need to sequence vmore nuclear loci like PHYA from greater number of taxa to further improve relationships in the family.