تاریخ کبیر میں امام بخاری کا رواۃ پر تنقید کے اسلوب کاجائزہ

Muḥadithīn have played a dynamic role in the preservation and compilation of Ḥadīth of the Prophet (SAW). Among them the contribution of Imam Bukhārī is unavoidable and remarkable in the field of Ḥadīth and its sciences. Since, he is known “Hafiz and Compiler” and considered as “Imam” and “authority” in the field of both higher and lower criticism. His book "Al-Tārīkh al Kabīr" (08 volumes) is considered as one of the ancient books in field of Ḥadīth and its sciences. This paper aims to describe the methodology of Imam Bukhārī in Al-Tārīkh al Kabīr. He described the biography of thirteen thousand seven hundred and seventy nine only (13779) in alphabetic order. Although his methodology was to mention names of the narrators alphabetically, but in respect with the Prophet (SAW), he gave place to eleven narrators among the companion whom names were started with the names of “Muhammad”. In the Methodology of Imam Bukhārī (RA), it is found that either the narrators are rejected or given authenticity, on the basis of not only his own examinations but he relied on the sayings of other Muḥadithīn as well. It is also pertinent to mention that he awarded degree to a little number of the narrators while left over most of the narrators undecided, because the main objective of the book was to portray the biographies of the narrators rather to make analysis of all the narrators.

Energy Harvesting Routing in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks for Perpetual Operations

A recent trend in the design of wireless networks is to deploy small devices that are capable of operating for long time in an ad hoc network environment. In real environments, the power consumption and continuous operations is an essential component in providing seamless services to the network users. In order to mitigate the improper utilization of valuable energy resources, we introduce the concept of energy harvesting, efficient utilization and management for the networks that are operating in remote locations. Environmental energy scavenging technology is one of the potential solutions to solve the energy bottleneck issues and fulfill the requirements about perpetual operations of ad hoc networks. Due to stochastic nature of the availability of energy from the environment, the use of an efficient management mechanism is extremely important. We, therefore, in this thesis develop an energy harvesting, management model and routing protocol. The proposed model is analyzed through a novel energy harvesting aware routing protocol with extensive simulations under different energy scavenging scenarios. The results are compared with an existing harvesting aware routing protocols. The proposed energy harvesting aware routing protocol shows substantial improvement over similar routing protocols for ad hoc networks.