داغ ایسے کہ جو دھلتے ہی نہیں پانی سے
آج برسی ہے مری آنکھ پریشانی سے
مضطرب رہنا زمانے میں اسے بھاتا ہے
یعنی درویش بہت خوش ہیں نمک دانی سے
کیوں سکردو میں بھی آتا ہے پسینہ اتنا
کیوں علاقے ہمیں لگتے نہیں برفانی سے
اب بھی ہر پیڑ تحیر میں اسے کھوجتا ہے
اس نے اک پھول چھوا تھا کبھی حیرانی سے
With the growing economic industry, the importance of bill discounting is not obscured any more. It is undoubtedly one of the most important tools of trade financing. Now it has become very easy for importers and exporters to sale any product to a complete stranger anywhere in the world and get the bill against it discounted before its maturity date. That is why this tool is in the practice of all conventional banks. But regarding to shār’iah rulings its prevailed practice in conventional banks is not shār’iah compliance as this transaction consists of debt sale and interest. But due to it’s vitally need, Jurists of Islamic shār’iah have stepped forward with its different alternatives based on Můrabaha, Wākalāh, Můshāārkāh and Bāy’ Sālām in currency. In this article we have covered the causes behind the shār’iah rulings of prevailed bill discounting in conventional banks and addressed the Bāy’ Sālām as an alternative in currencies and its executive model in Islamic banks. Furthermore I have discussed the different opinions of modern scholars regarding these issues.
Professional development of teachers is considered a source to enhance teachers' content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge. To meet this purpose teacher education institutions use a variety of ways in their teachers' development programs. Mostly these ways and strategies are used in short and long programs where teachers are provided opportunities to learn knowledge and skills. The purpose of these courses is to enhance the capacity of teachers and improve the learning outcomes of the students. However, most of these learning and strategies are limited to the training centers and teachers face challenges while implementing the learning in their schools. Teachers generally consider the professional development centers and training centers as the only source of professional learning. They ignore the importance of workplace learning, which is possible through reflection on their own experiences. This study focused on the role of portfolios for professional learning of the course participants in the Teacher Learning module of the M.Ed. program 2004 at AKU-IED. The study was conducted using the qualitative mode of research and was carried out at AKU-IED with six course participants from different contexts and three faculty members. Interviews and portfolios of six course participants were the major source of data. As a result of qualitative data analysis, the study has generated some findings related to the role of portfolios as a professional development/learning tool for teachers. One of the significant roles was the documentation of teachers' learning over a period of time, which is generally not documented by the teachers. The process leads the teachers to continuous reflection on their beliefs and practices. This continuous reflection provides opportunities for teachers to learn from their own experiences and construct their knowledge and understanding. In relation to the implementation of this concept there were a number of challenges that the course participants faced in content selection of their portfolio. It could be an effective way of recording learning from daily experiences therefore, I recommend the introduction of portfolios in all programs running at AKU-IED.