اثر صہبائی کی ادبی خدمات
اثر صہبائی (۱۹۰۱۔۱۹۶۱ء) کا اصل نام خواجہ عبد السمیع پال تھا۔ اثر ؔسیالکوٹ میں پیدا ہوئے۔ اثرؔ کے بزرگوں نے کشمیر سے ہجرت کی تھی اور سیالکوٹ میں آباد ہوئے تھے۔ آپ نے گورنمنٹ کالج لاہور سے ایم۔ اے فلسفہ اور ایل ایل بی کیا۔ ۱۹۳۱ء میں ان کی رفیقہ حیات ان سے جدا ہو گئیں تو افسردگی ‘ تاریکی اور مایوسی کے بادل ان کی زندگی پر چھا گئے۔ ۱۹۳۴ء میں آپ اس غم و اندوہ کییورش سے گھبرا کر سری نگر کشمیر چلے گئے۔ کشمیر میں ان دنوں ادبی مجلسیں اور ادبی نشستیں ہو رہی تھیں جن میں ڈاکٹر عبد الحکیم‘ نواب جعفر خان اثر لکھنوی‘ ڈاکٹر تاثیر اور پنڈت برج موہن دتاتر یہ کیفی دہلوی جیسے شعراء و ادبا شرکت کرتے تھے۔ اثر ان ادبی محفلوں کے روح رواں ہوتے تھے۔ آپ نے کشمیر ہائی کورٹ میں قائد اعظم کے ساتھ جونیئر وکیل کی حیثیت سے بھی کام کیا۔ قائد اعظم نے مقدمہ جیتنے کے بعد صہبائی کی محنت کو سراہا۔(۱)
اثرؔ صہبائی کی پہلی تصنیف ’’جامِ صہبائی‘‘ ہے۔ قطعات و رباعیات پر مشتمل یہ شعری مجموعہ ۱۹۲۸ء میں دارالتالیف بیڈن روڈ لاہور سے طبع ہوا۔
’’خمستان‘‘ اثر کا دوسرا مجموعہ کلام ہے جو غزلوں‘ نظموں‘ قطعات و رباعیات اور متفرق اشعار پر مشتمل ہے۔ اس کا پہلا ایڈیشن۱۹۳۳ء میں آزاد بک ڈپو سیالکوٹ سے شائع ہوا۔ اثر ؔکا تیسرا شعری مجموعہ ’’جامِ طہور‘‘ ۱۹۳۷ء کو تاج کمپنی لمیٹڈ لاہور نے طبع کیا۔ اس مجموعے میں رباعیات اور قطعات ہیں۔ ’’راحت کدہ‘‘ اثر ؔکا چوتھا شعری مجموعہ ہے جو ۱۹۴۲ء میں تاج کمپنی لمیٹڈ لاہور کے زیر اہتمام طبع ہو کر شائع ہوا۔’’ راحت کدہ ‘‘حضرت اثر صہبائی کے اس کلام پر مشتمل ہے جو انہوں نے اپنی جواں مرگ رفیقہ حیات راحت کی موت سے متاثر ہو کر...
Islamic finance is simply a different way to structure or to create products that are consistent with the Islamic faith. Shared risk and joint profit are also important elements of Islamic finance, and various cooperative frameworks are employed in housing and other sectors. When you look at global finance, [Islamic finance] is a very, very high growth. Islamic finance is a socially responsible financial system and uses Islamic law (sharia) to regulate various sectors, including banking, investments, and insurance. Under the system, Islamic investments are often referred to as halal investments, or sharia-compliant investments. However we will discuss in this Paper the concept of mutual cooperation in Islamic finance.
In this study, an attempt is made to quantify the extent and evolution of inequality and poverty in Pakistan. This study also deals with the relationship between economic growth, inequality and poverty. Poverty is strongly related to the absence of basic human and physical assets, especially education, health, land, sanitary conditions etc. The term inequality is used quite generally as income/consumption difference among the individuals or households with in a society. Existing work on trends in inequality and poverty in Pakistan is based on different methods of measurement. This dissertation estimates a consistent series of inequality and poverty to evaluate long term trends in overall Pakistan, its rural and urban sectors. The present study covers the period from 1990-91 to 2010-11 using micro data from Household Integrated Economic Surveys (HIESs), conducted by Federal Bureau of Statistics Government of Pakistan. Trend analysis of inequality and poverty has been done by employing axiomatic approaches. Moreover, the population has been decomposed into absolute poor (extremely poor and ultra poor), transitorily poor (transient poor and transient vulnerable) and non-poor (quasi non-poor and non-poor). In the axiomatic framework, six poverty indices (Head-count Index, Poverty Gap Index, Severity of Poverty Index, Sen Index, SST Index and Watts Index) have been estimated and incorporated on both income and consumption basis. The results reflected that almost all measures of poverty increased from the year 1990-91 to 2001-02 and then decreased after 2001-02 in overall Pakistan, its rural and urban areas. Basic needs like food, health, clothes, etc., are necessary for every person. Therefore poverty on consumption basis is significantly lower than income basis. By developing an axiomatic framework, six positive and normative inequality measures viii (Gini coefficient, Theil Index, Mean Log Deviation, Atkinson Index, Coefficient of Variation and Deciles Dispersion Ratio) have been estimated. The results revealed that inequality on the basis of income and consumption is not stable showing wide variation during the years 1990-91 to 2010-11. Almost all measures of inequality decreased from the year 1990-91 to 1996-97 and then increased continuously till 2010-11 in overall Pakistan, its rural and urban areas. Moreover, income inequality is significantly higher than consumption inequality. Throughout the period from 1990-91 to 2010-11 almost the poorest 20 percent and the middle 60 percent lost their income/consumption share, whereas the richest 20 percent gained their income/consumption share significantly in urban and rural regions along with overall Pakistan. The regression model encompasses the impact of growth on poverty and impact of growth on inequality. The experience of Pakistan‟s economy shows that growth has not translated into poverty reduction and the income/consumption inequality has declined with growth. The analysis of growth and poverty has shown that the growth elasticity of poverty is positive for all samples i.e., overall, rural and urban areas on income as well as consumption basis while growth elasticity of inequality is negative for the entire sample on both income and consumption basis and there is negative relation between inequality and poverty. The final regression model depicts the interrelationship between growth, poverty and inequality.