Determinants of Lack of Family Planning in Grand Multiparous Women Lack of Family Planning in Grand Multiparous Women

Multiparity is a matter of great concern regarding the health of women as well as child. At the same time it has different determinants and socioeconomic backgrounds. Objective: To determine the determinants of lack of family planning in grand multiparous women. Methods: It is a descriptive cross sectional study including 271 GMP patients from DHQ Hospital Okara city. Mean age was 35 ± 10 years. Data was collected with the help of questionnaire and evaluated and analyzed using SPSS version 24. Mean and standard deviation was calculated for quantitative data and frequency and percentages for qualitative data. To measure the determinants of lack of family planning, chi square test was used. P values less than and equal to 0.05 were taken as significant. Results: Most of women belong to rural area 172(63.47%) and areMuslims 259(95.5%). Most of the families lie under upper lower 149 (54.8%) and lower middle group of income 71(26.1%). The reason of last pregnancy was desire for baby boy 66(24.4%), then husband’s wish 45(16.6%)and so on. There is a good association of socioeconomic status and residence of head of family as p < 0.05, (Results are 325.272a, df = 10, p=0.000). There is an association of Gravida and socioeconomic status of head of family as p<0.05. (27.294, df= 20, p=.05). There is a good association between reasons of last pregnancy and gravida as p<0.05, (41.920, df = 24, p=0.001). Conclusions: The grand multiparty is still very common in Okara Pakistan district, considering the easy availability of modern contraceptive methods but very few women are aware of it. The most popular explanation given for present pregnancy by grand multiparous women was an urge for baby boy followed by husband wish. Most of women are Muslims. Rural Women are more socio-economically down and they have grandermultiparty.

Some Aspects of Spacetime Coordinates

In this thesis, some aspects of spacetime coordinates are presented. After discussing some non-singular coordinates for the Schwartzschild, the Reissner-Nordstr ̈m and the o Kerr black hole spacetimes, non-singular Kruskal-like coordinates for different cases of general circularly symmetric black holes in (2 + 1) dimensions are constructed. The ap- proach is further extended to construct non-singular coordinates for the rotating BTZ black hole. As Kruskal-like coordinates do not remove the coordinate singularity for the extreme BTZ spacetime geometry, the possibility of obtaining Carter-like coordi- nates is discussed. It is found that these coordinates also do not remove the coordinate singularity for this geometry. The Double-null form has great importance in general relativity (GR), especially in solar-terrestrial relationships, investigation of black hole spacetimes, formulating the Newman-Penrose formalism and Numerical Relativity etc. In Chapter 3, three di- mensional spacetimes are classified according to the possibility of converting them to double-null form. It is found that a class of (2 + 1)−dimensional spacetimes in which coefficient g02 or g12 is non-zero, cannot be transformed to the double-null form. In black hole thermodynamics, it has been shown earlier for different spacetimes that the Einstein field equations at the horizon can be expressed as the first law of black hole thermodynamics. In Chapter 4, a simpler approach, using the concept of folia- tion is developed to obtain such results. Using this simpler approach, thermodynamic identities are established for the Schwarzschild, the Reissner-Nordstr ̈m, the Kerr, and o the Kerr-Newmann black holes. An important aspect of this approach is that one has to essentially deal with an (n − 1)−dimensional induced metric for an n−dimensional spacetime, which significantly simplifies the calculations to obtain such results.