موضوع1:تازہ گوئی کا رجحان ( میر وسودا کا عہد)
میر تقی میر:
میر تقی میر اردو غزل کا نمائندہ شاعر ہے۔آج تک اس سطح کا کوئی شاعر ہمیں نہیں مل سکا۔ ان کی شاعری کے چھے دیوان چھپے۔ حال ہی میں ان کا ساتواں دیوان دریافت ہوا ہے۔ ڈاکٹر معین الدین عقیل صاحب نے مرتب کرکے یہ دیوان شائع کیا ہے۔
میر کا دور:
میر کا دور 1722ء سے 1810ء تک ہے اس میں کچھ اختلافات پائے جاتے ہیں۔ 1810ء میں ان کی وفات ہوئی میر کا زمانہ ایسا دور تھا جس میں ہر طرف بے چینی تھی۔دلی جو اس وقت مرکز تھا دارالحکومت تھا وہاں بہت سارے بیرونی حملہ آوروں نے بہت دفعہ حملہ کیا اس کی اینٹ سے اینٹ بجائی۔وہاں کے لوگ برباد ہو گئے ،قتل و غارت ہوئی ،خون بہا ،گھر اجڑ گئے ،اپنے بچھڑ گئے۔ان حالات کے اثرات اس وقت کے شعرا ء پر بہت گہرے پڑے۔ ان میں میر کا نام نمایاں ہے۔ میرکے والد کی وفات کے بعد ان کے چچا امان اللہ نے ان کی دیکھ بھال کی۔ ان کے چچا کی وفات کے بعد چچازاد بھائیوں نے گھر سے نکال دیا۔معاشی حالات بھی خراب تھے الغرض ایسے حالات میں میر بھٹکتے رہے۔مشکل حالات کا سامنا کرتے رہے۔ اس کے اثرات ان کی شاعری میں ہمیں نمایاں طور پر نظر آتے ہیں میر جیسا حساس شخص ان تکلیفوں میں مبتلا ہونے کے باوجود ان میں قنوطیت نظر نہیں آتی۔ ان کے دور میں مایوسی کا پہلو نظر نہیں آتا درد تو یقیناً ہے لیکن اس میں مایوسی نہیں۔ انہوں نے تہذیب کا بہت خوبصورتی سے مشاہدہ کیا اور اس کا عکس ان کی شاعری میں نظر آتا ہے۔ البتہ ان کی شاعری میں موت فنا کا ذکر زیادہ آتا ہے لیکن امید کی رمک ان کی شاعری میں جا بجا...
This article shows the Islam and its followers (Arabs) had created a civilization that played very important role on the world stage for more than a thousand years. One of the most important specific qualities of the Islamic civilization is that it is a well-balanced civilization that brought together science and faith, struck a balance between spirit and matter and did not separate this world from the Hereafter. The Islamic civilization in Spain encompasses many fields that left a profound imprint in the Iberian Peninsula and Europe. The cultural climate of Spain in the era of Muslim rule (711-1492) brought about a prospering of different aspects of science and culture. Numerous schools and libraries were established and books were procured due to which the majority of the people were literate. Literature and art flourished. Buildings were constructed and Islamic art with its specific qualities was cultivated. Because of that movement, Cordoba became the civilization capital of both Spain and the West in general. Many schools were established in it, such as medical and technical schools in addition to the general education and other vocational schools. Hospitals, chemical plants and observatories were also built.
This study examines the effects of Fiscal Decentralization on Economic Growth in the context of Pakistan. The current structure of fiscal arrangements in Pakistan consists of three tiers, federal, provincial and local. Resources are distributed among these tiers through National Finance Commission (NFC) and Provincial Finance Commission (PFC) awards. Besides, local governments also receive random transfers including special/development grants, discretionary funds of parliamentarians and executives, etc. Empirical theorists postulate that Fiscal Decentralization may have positive effects on economic growth due to its efficiency advantages. However, it may have negative effects on economic growth and brings macroeconomic instability when it is not accompanied by enhancing the skill of local government apparatus and by better political accountability. Following the theoretical models of fiscal decentralization presented by Barro (1990) and Davoodi & Zou (1998), we have developed a model for this study in the context of Pakistan and within the framework of a simple endogenous growth model, Johansen’s co-integration technique is used to estimate the effects of fiscal decentralization on economic growth in Pakistan for the period from 1972 to 2010. The study uses expenditures and revenues as indicators of fiscal decentralization and a set of control variables in the analysis.However, due to paucity of data at local level, it is assumed that over the time, public spending and revenue generation is done by two tiers of government i.e federal and provincial. Empirical results show that fiscal decentralization has positive and significant effects on economic growth in the long run but there is weaker evidence for the short run in case of Pakistan during the period of analysis. In addition, fiscal decentralization is also positively associated with private investment and macroeconomic stability over the sample period of the study.