فضاؔ ابن فیضی مرحوم
۱۷؍ جنوری کی شام لکھنو میں تھا کہ مؤ سے ڈاکٹر شکیل اعظمی نے فضا ابن فیضی کے انتقال کی خبر دی ، طبیعت ادہر عرصے سے ناساز ہی رہتی تھی، آخر بے قراری کو قرار آہی گیا اور ایک ایسا شاعر اس دنیا سے رخصت ہوگیاجس کی خوش کلامی اور خوش فکری عصائے دست غزل کا وقار رکھتی تھی۔
وہ خطہ اعظم گڑھ کی مردم خیز سرزمین مؤ میں یکم جولائی ۱۹۲۳ء میں پیدا ہوئے، گھرانہ علمی اور ذی عزت تھا، جدامجد مولانا محمد علی فیضی نامور عالم دین اور متعدد مذہبی کتابوں کے مصنف تھے، عربی، اردو اور فارسی میں یکساں قدرت کے ساتھ شعر کہتے تھے، دادا کی یہ میراث فضا کو بھی ملی اور انہوں نے تحدیث نعمت کے طور پر اور عربی رواج کے طرز پر والد کے بجائے داد اسے نسبت کو ترجیح دی، خالص عربی اور دینی تعلیم سے آراستہ فضا نے تجارت اور ملازمت کے ساتھ مشق سخن جاری رکھی، یہ محض طبیعت کا طرفہ تماشانہ تھا، طبیعت میں خودداری اور احساس کی شدت نے دنیا اور زمانے کے درد و کرب کا حساب کرنا سکھایا، ان کی شاعری کی اٹھان اسی لیے غضب کی رہی کہ خارجی زندگی کے مظاہر پر ان کی نظر، حقیقت کے متنوع پہلووں کو سمیٹ لینے والی تھی، ان جیسے اور ان سے پہلے کے اور ہم وطن شاعر خلیل الرحمان اعظمی نے اسی خاصیت کو بیان بھی کر ڈالا۔
فضا کی زودگوئی مشہور ہے، سفینہ زرگل، شعلہ نیم سوز، دریچہ سیم سمن، پس دیوار حرف، سبزہ معنی بیگانہ اور حمد و نعت کا مجموعہ سرشاخ طوبی کے ہزاروں اشعار، اس شہرت کی تائید کرتے ہیں، ان کے علاوہ غزال مشک گزیدہ، لوح آشوب آگہی اور آئینہ نقش صدا کے نام بھی ملتے ہیں، زود گوئی کا لازمی نتیجہ...
The Sixteenth century proved an eventful period with regard to the Mughal-Pakhtūn relations in the north-western borderland region. Besides the political tug of war it witnessed a clash of religious nature between the two Ṣūfī saints of the area namely Bāyazīd Anṣārī and Syed ‘Alī Tirmidhī Aliās Pīr Bābā. Settled in the pre-dominantly anti-Mughal Pakhtūn abode Bāyazīd Anṣārī was an opponent of the Mughals in his political orientation in religious jargon. Pīr Bābā challenged his Ṣūfic interpretation based on the Waḥdat al-Wūjūd concept of Islamic mysticism. Their confrontation of mystic traditions gave birth to a debate that whether Pīr Bābā had confronted Bāyazīd for religious reasons or he was working for the interests of the Mughals. The present article aimed at to investigate the matter and to establish a factual position. It would further be explored to understand the nature and contents of the conflict that whether it was religious or otherwise.
The present investigation is based on a comparative study of the polymerization reactions of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) using riboflavin (RF), camphorquinone (CQ) and safranin T (ST) as photoinitiators and triethanolamine (TEOHA) as a co-initiator in aqueous and organic solvents. HEMA is involved in photoinitiated polymerization reactions occurring in glass-ionomer cements (GICs). The above photoinitiators are stable on exposure to a 15 W lamp emitting in the visible region during the irradiation period. A UV spectrophotometric method has been developed to determine the concentration of HEMA in polymerized solutions at low conversion, i.e., about 5% concentration change in the monomer. The effect of pH, solvent characteristics and HEMA / TEOHA concentration on the rate of polymerization reactions has been evaluated. The rates of the reactions have been found to increase with pH probably as a result of the deprotonation of TEOHA and the presence of a labile proton on the hydroxyl group of HEMA. The steady-state assumption of the rate of initiation being equal to the rate of termination is considered valid only at a low conversion of the monomer. Under these conditions the polymerization reactions have been found to follow pseudo first-order kinetics (within about 5 % change in HEMA concentration) and the determined apparent first- order rate constants (kobs) range from 5.44–7.63×10–4s–1 at pH 6.0–9.0 using 0.01M TEOHA. The polymerization reactions of HEMA are affected by the dielectric constant and viscosity of the medium. There is a linear relation between the rate constants and the solvent dielectric constant indicating the involvement of a polar intermediate in the reaction. The observation of a linear relation between the rate constants and the inverse of solvent viscosity indicates the effect of viscosity on the diffusional processes of reacting species and hence the decrease in rates with an increase in the viscosity of the medium. For all the photoinitiators used the polymerization reaction is dependent on the TEOHA concentration and the second- order rate constants for the interaction of HEMA (1–3M) and TEOHA 0.0025– 0.01M) range from 1.79–8.87×10–2 M–1s–1 at pH 6.0–9.0. The reactivity of the photoinitiators appears to depend on the energy of the excited triplet state, and its degree of interaction with the amine to form a radical ion pair, its dissociation and further interaction of amine radicals with HEMA to undergo polymerization. In the present work, the reactivity of the photoinitiators has been found to be in the order: RF > CQ > ST. The irradiation wavelength of the photoinitiators also increases in the same order resulting in decreased energy and, therefore, it may influence the efficacy of the photoinitiator. The polymerization of HEMA photoinitiated by the three compounds is faster in aqueous solution compared with the organic solvent under identical conditions. The results indicate that the reactivity of the photoinitiators depends upon their structural features, ionization behavior, spectral characteristics, triplet energy and solvent characteristics. It appears that the photoinitiators absorbing in the lower visible region are more efficient (RF 445 nm, CQ 468 nm) in causing polymerization of HEMA compared to those absorbing in the relatively higher visible region (ST 520 nm), as indicated by their absorption maxima. Therefore, the use of RF as a photoinitiator in glass ionomer cements would require a relatively less curing time for the setting of resin restorative materials and it appears to be the most efficient photoinitiator in the polymerization process under the conditions studied.