مقاصد شریعت اور حقوق کی ادائیگی کا باہمی ربط: ایک تحقیقی جائزہ

Allah guided His men through great Prophets and messengers who, through their active economic, religious and politico-economic lives, taught the people how to lead a life. As the people have to come across all these fields of life, therefore, performing rights and duties is essential for a peaceful society. The accomplishment of Sharia objectives depends on the performance of rights and duties. If there is some breach in these rights and duties, the Sharia objectives are lost. If we ponder over the decrees of Allah, it becomes clear that the accomplishment of the decrees itself is the permanence of rights and duties. In this research paper, the rights of the Creator on His men and the rights of men on their Creator, Similarly, the rights of men among themselves and their performance, and the rights of animals and how they can be performed have been described and these Sharia objectives rights are closely related to each other.

Teachers As Agents of School Improvement: A Case Study

Literature on school improvement gives high importance to the role teachers play in improving their schools. However, there is a dearth of such literature in the context of developing countries, particularly in Pakistan. Hence, this area needs to be explored, so that teachers' voices can be heard in order to bring grass root level change in schools. Keeping in view the importance of teachers' roles, this study employed a qualitative case study approach, in order to explore public school teachers' perceived roles in improving their school. It was conducted in a government boys' secondary school, where most of the students come from low economic backgrounds. Nine teachers, including the school head teacher, participated in this research. Data were gathered through semi-structured interviews, observations, informal conversations and document analysis. Findings reveal that teachers perceived their roles as that of facilitating students' learning and developing a strong and positive relationship with students. It showed that teachers view their role as one who model appropriate behavior and norms to students and mediate between the school and parents, as well as they are policy makers, who initiate change and motivate students towards better opportunities. Findings also show that teachers, perceptions of their role is gendered. Furthermore, the study illustrates those factors that enable teachers to engage in school improvement; such as, human and material resources, professional development opportunities, external training institutions, teacher empowerment and participatory leadership. Then, the study also elaborates factors which impede teachers' roles in improving their school; such as, lack of recognition, teacher turnover, lack of parental support, political interference, workload, time constraint and teachers' personal lives. Finally, the implications of the study for policy and management have been discussed.